Jurnal Administrasi Publik (JAP) aims to explore theoritical grounds for both public policy and management, to disseminate results of conducted particular policy analysis and research, as well as to bring public policy and management theories into best practices.
Centre for Public Policy and Management Studies
Copyright of articles which are published remains of the author, while publishing rights is at the Centre for Public Policy and Management Studies (CPMS), Parahyangan Catholic University.
Relevansi “Semangat” Birokrasi Lokal Tradisional Dalam Merevitalisasi Birokrasi Lokal Modern Indonesia Di Era Otonomi Daerah: Kasus Birokrasi Dalam Masyarakat Tradisional Batak Toba Di Sumatera Utara
Sejarah Negara Indonesia membuktikan bahwa universalitas birokrasi yang dirancang secara sentralistik kurang, mampu mengaspirasi kepentingan lokal, sehingga menjadi kurang efektif. Dalam era desentralisasi ini, efektifitas birokrasi lokal modern sangat ditentukan oleh sejauh mana birokrasi tersebut mampu mengapresiasi dan mengadopsi unsur-unsur positif birokrasi tradisional lokal yang sesuai dengan budaya masyarakat setempat. Paper ini merupakan hasil penelitian yang mencoba menggali nilai-nilai birokrasi tradisional “Sisingamangaraja” dalam masyarakat Batak Toba. Ada dua akar ideologi masyarakat Batak Toba, pertama, ideologi Agama (Hindu) dimana harmoni tercipta melalui tiga dimensi makrokosmos yaitu banoa ginjang (dunia atas), banoa tonga (dunia tengah) dan banoa toru (dunia bawah). Masing-masing dunia dikuasai seorang dewata yang merepresentasi sifat-sifat kebaikan tertentu yang dibutuhkan dalam menjaga keseimbangan dan kelestarian kehidupan. Ideologi kedua adalah kekerabatan, yaitu marga dan etnisitas yang bersifat komunal yang terpola dalam Dalihan Nan Tolu (Tungku nan Tiga). Setiap tungku mencerminkan posisi atau unsur yang harus ada dalam setiap kegiatan. Setiap individu yang sudah menikah melekat dalam ketiga posisi tersebut. Implikasi kedua ideologi di atas dalam masyarakat Batak Toba, melandasi hubungan antara Raja (pemimpin) dan Rakyat, rakyat dengan rakyat dengan kewajiban sesuai dengan posisinya. Raja merupakan pemimpin karismatik dan sekaligus pemimpin tradisional. Sebagai pemimpin karismatik, raja dianggap jelmaan dari dewata yang harus mempunyai sifat-sifat kebaikan dewa serta memiliki kekuatan magis. Sebagai pemimpin tradisional raja mempunyai legitimasi yang tinggi karena dipilih oleh rakyat sehingga harus mampu memenuhi tujuan kolektif (sesuai keinginan rakyat). Kepatuhan rakyat pada pemimpinnya (raja) ditentukan oleh kedua sifat kepemimpinan tersebut. Hubungan rakyat dan rakyat (sosial) didasarkan pada ketiga tungku yang bersifat seimbang dan totalitas. Setiap unsur dituntut menjalankan fungsinya sehingga tercipta tertib sosial dalam masyarakat. Sistem ideologi agama dan kekerabatan tersebut menciptakan birokrasi pemerintahan dan masyarakat yang demokratis berdasarkan keseimbangan fungsi sosial dan kedudukan masing-masing. Legitimasi pemimpin ditentukan oleh sejauh mana ia mampu menjalankan fungsinya. Dalam hubungan vertikal (rakyat dan pemimpin) dan hubungan lateral (masyarakat) diterapkan budaya konsultatif dalam pengambilan keputusan khususnya keputusan yang menyangkut publik, seperti pemilihan raja. Budaya-budaya di atas merupakan nilai-nilai positif yang bisa diadopsi dalam sistem pemerintahan lokal pada masa kini, untuk mendapatkan legitimasi dan dukungan tinggi, sehingga berjalan efektif dan efisien. Sejarah Negara Indonesia membuktikan bahwa universalitas birokrasi yang dirancang secara sentralistik kurang, mampu mengaspirasi kepentingan lokal, sehingga menjadi kurang efektif. Dalam era desentralisasi ini, efektifitas birokrasi lokal modern sangat ditentukan oleh sejauh mana birokrasi tersebut mampu mengapresiasi dan mengadopsi unsur-unsur positif birokrasi tradisional lokal yang sesuai dengan budaya masyarakat setempat. Paper ini merupakan hasil penelitian yang mencoba menggali nilai-nilai birokrasi tradisional “Sisingamangaraja” dalam masyarakat Batak Toba. Ada dua akar ideologi masyarakat Batak Toba, pertama, ideologi Agama (Hindu) dimana harmoni tercipta melalui tiga dimensi makrokosmos yaitu banoa ginjang (dunia atas), banoa tonga (dunia tengah) dan banoa toru (dunia bawah). Masing-masing dunia dikuasai seorang dewata yang merepresentasi sifat-sifat kebaikan tertentu yang dibutuhkan dalam menjaga keseimbangan dan kelestarian kehidupan. Ideologi kedua adalah kekerabatan, yaitu marga dan etnisitas yang bersifat komunal yang terpola dalam Dalihan Nan Tolu (Tungku nan Tiga). Setiap tungku mencerminkan posisi atau unsur yang harus ada dalam setiap kegiatan. Setiap individu yang sudah menikah melekat dalam ketiga posisi tersebut. Implikasi kedua ideologi di atas dalam masyarakat Batak Toba, melandasi hubungan antara Raja (pemimpin) dan Rakyat, rakyat dengan rakyat dengan kewajiban sesuai dengan posisinya. Raja merupakan pemimpin karismatik dan sekaligus pemimpin tradisional. Sebagai pemimpin karismatik, raja dianggap jelmaan dari dewata yang harus mempunyai sifat-sifat kebaikan dewa serta memiliki kekuatan magis. Sebagai pemimpin tradisional raja mempunyai legitimasi yang tinggi karena dipilih oleh rakyat sehingga harus mampu memenuhi tujuan kolektif (sesuai keinginan rakyat). Kepatuhan rakyat pada pemimpinnya (raja) ditentukan oleh kedua sifat kepemimpinan tersebut. Hubungan rakyat dan rakyat (sosial) didasarkan pada ketiga tungku yang bersifat seimbang dan totalitas. Setiap unsur dituntut menjalankan fungsinya sehingga tercipta tertib sosial dalam masyarakat. Sistem ideologi agama dan kekerabatan tersebut menciptakan birokrasi pemerintahan dan masyarakat yang demokratis berdasarkan keseimbangan fungsi sosial dan kedudukan masing-masing. Legitimasi pemimpin ditentukan oleh sejauh mana ia mampu menjalankan fungsinya. Dalam hubungan vertikal (rakyat dan pemimpin) dan hubungan lateral (masyarakat) diterapkan budaya konsultatif dalam pengambilan keputusan khususnya keputusan yang menyangkut publik, seperti pemilihan raja. Budaya-budaya di atas merupakan nilai-nilai positif yang bisa diadopsi dalam sistem pemerintahan lokal pada masa kini, untuk mendapatkan legitimasi dan dukungan tinggi, sehingga berjalan efektif dan efisien.
Perpektif Kritis Kebijakan Pembaharuan Agraria Indonesia dari Rejim Orde Baru ke Rejim Reformasi
The agrarian problems in Indonesia have revealed the various gaps of resources occupation which has received inadequate atttention by the regimes throughout the time. The anaysis of agrarian reform history in Indonesia has expounded the sistemic state suppression toward the public. The characteristics and patterns of the existing agrarian policy have illustrated the resonance of many ideological struggles happening at the macro praxis level of development. The public struggle, manifested in various communal property right is fronted by the state who is highly productive in making hegemonic public policies in the social setting arena. The horizon of this struggle is characterized by a tug and war between the state center approch views and the society center approach views with some stream variants. Analysis has shown the different articulation values between the Old Order and new Order regimes. In the light of class analytic approach, the Old Order regime put more emphasis on a more populous agrarian policies based on neo-Marxist views. The New Order dominantly implement agrarian policies which are based on state center perspectives with the choice of state interest approach, strengtened by policies which take the side of liberal capitalist with growing systemic repression level. The Reform regime uses advocacy coalition framework approach for agrarian policy. The most important hypotetical implication of this analysis is if the state functions are not capable in becoming the articulator of public policy, the public itself will pursue collective policy which is known as land-reform by leverage. Kata kunci : state center approach, society center approach, land reform by leverage, agrarian reform, advocacy coalition
Prospek Kelembagaan Transmigrasi: Demokratisasi Administrasi Program Transmigrasi
Although there were controversies over the implementation of transmigration program, the program are still in need either for national or local interest. Social-environment context which always changes have demanded reinventions toward the program and the institutionalization of transmigration. The betterment of the program and institutonalization by applying regional approach and administrative democratization is become necessary. Therefore the support for nation building will be strengthened as well developing partnership mechanism in program management that will result in the attainment of the program goal. Kata Kunci : transmigrasi, mobilitas penduduk, kelembagaan, demokratisasi administrasi
Kesiapan Masyarakat Dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Langsung
The system of Directly Regional Head Election (Pilkada) will be held in Indonesia constitute the expected process to enhance the quality of democratization in this country. Nevertheless there is still a hesitation related to opinion about unreadiness of public to be involved in pilkada. This paper put the public Indonesian factual practices forward to neutralize the hesitation. There are some theoritical approach explained as tool of analysis to predict the active actualization of voters behavior in Indonesia. Kata kunci : pilkada, demokratisasi, partisipasi politik, kesiapan pemilih dan prilaku pemilih.
Mempertanyakan Nilai Keadilan Sosial Dalam Pembangunan Ekonomi di Tengah Kekuatan Modal
Economic development that should be a manifest of concern and responsibility of government for public needs and fairly nation development had been marginalized by pro-capital economic development policy. The policy formulation have neglected the social justice value that should be the supreme virtue of the good state. The government orientation to protect the most substantive public needs in fairly and democratic way as basic prerequisite needed for rearrangement of social justice economic development. Kata kunci : pembangunan ekonomi, nilai keadilan sosial, kepentingan modal, dan pemerintah yang demokratis.
Copyright (c) 2004 Hendrikus Tri Wibawanto Gedeona
In the essence of NGO as living organization in public domain which is born from the public, acted as public agent and perform the mission on behalf of public, actually the public have the right to demand its accountibility. The accountability of NGO should be horizontally and vertically spread out into interrelated stakeholder. The expected accountability should be supported by the responsibility of their actions in the midst of public. The accountability will be effective if supported by trust and political will from the whole of stakeholder, so the accountability will manifest as founded control interaction on the base of positif social value of public. Kata Kunci : akuntabilitas NGO, publik, trust, good governance
The Indonesia's economic growth which not recovered yet after the collapse of Orde Baru regime have led to pessimistic opinion on the on-going democratization in Indonesia. There is some hesitation whether or not the democratization is really can be a guarantee for the prosperity in this country. This article seeks to develop optimistic opinion by explaining the requirements must be established for the nation in order to reach the prosperity. Kata Kunci : demokratisasi, kemakmuran, democratic regime, governing institution
The meaning and understanding of democracy along the histories of Indonesian government give specific meaning for the development of democracy in Indonesia. There are a lot of democracy paradox or democracy irony that happened in the orde lama era, orde baru era and reformasi era. The process and the development of democracy, finally face to face with the interest of power in the contexts of political trap that is true undemocratic. General election 2004 and Directly Regional Head Election 2005 are being momentum in the implementation of democratic governance, also challenge for political actors and community to raise cultural and structural democracy. By the way, Indonesian democracy still left some questions, that is, whether we prepare and capable to develop democracy without any irony or paradox. Kata kunci : paradox demokrasi, pilkada, membangun demokrasi
Legislasi Etik : Sebuah Alternatif Solusi Bagi Legitimasi Baru Legislatif
Public criticism about “budgetary party” conducted by Local Legislative Body (DPRD) in past two years reveals how impartant to set up instruments or tools that would be effectively control the body. Beside political approach, ethical approach to this issue will give another perspectives on how public organization or public officials should operate. Based on this approach, there are 3 conflicting sources that resulted in irresponsible, or unatehical, action of public organizations as follow : conflict of authority, conflict of interest, and conflict of role. In order to eliminate negative impact of those conflicting aspects, we have to consider ethics solution as viable alternatives. One of the important steps is put ethics legislation (or ethics law) on policy agenda. It is essential to adopt the law that would regulate public organizations or public officials comply with their ethical action in area such as financial exposure, campaign financing and so forth. Furthermore, some basic principles of limitation should be considered as compelling frameworks. Assuming that there is a strong political commitment from supra-political structure on legislative reform, the possibility of the law to be implemented is relatively high since sociopolitical setting has changed significantly. The establishment of Ethics Commission (or other names) and Ethics Code in Legislative Act (UU no. 22/2003), the consistency of media to disclose the issues, and the result of legislative general election are some important factors for us to be more optimistic. Kata kunci: legislatif, kepentingan publik, perilaku tidak etis, etika, responsibilitas
Practicing Good Governance in Indonesia: NGOs’ Experience
Good governance bukan hanya merupakan gagasan yang semakin penting bagi sektor publik semata, namun demikian pula halnya bagi sektor kemasyarakatan dimana NGO tumbuh di dalamnya. Perkembangan dewasa ini telah menunjukkan munculnya banyak tuntutan baik dari para donor maupun publik agar NGO menerapkan sistem manajemen yang lebih professional dengan mengedepankan profesionalisme dan akuntabilitas. Namun demikian, posisi NGO yang berada di dalam zona ambigu antara birokrasi dan sektor privat memunculkan kesulitan bagi NGO untuk mengimplementasikan good governance. Dalam tulisan ini dijelaskan bagaimana perbedaan orientasi, ukuran, ruang lingkup serta kapasitas telah menjadi penghambat tersendiri bagi upaya NGO dalam rangka menerapkan good governance. Kata Kunci : good governance, professionalism, accountability, strategic management
Copyright (c) 2004 Bob Sugeng Hadiwinata
Pembenahan Strategi Pendidikan Dan Pelatihan Aparatur Sebagai Upaya Mendongkrak Kinerja Birokrasi Pemerintahan
There have been so many kinds of training and development designed to improve the professionalism of government apparatus on managing public organization and delivering public services. The results, however, still show ineffectiveness. Based on this fact, this article try to give some suggestions on designing competence-based training. This training should be designed appropriate with strategic planning of the organization that there is a guarantee for good performance of the organization could be achieved. Besides, the training should be arranged with quality control mechanism by evaluation model on reaction level, behavioral level and result level. T his mechanism will support good feedback for training quality improvement. Kata Kunci: diktat, kompetensi, rencana strategis, model evaluasi
Pembangunan Dan Modernisasi: Implikasinya Terhadap Tatanan Ekologi Dan Sosial
The paper starts from an idea that there is a fundamental difference between modernization and development. The former puts to much emphasis on industrialization with the effect that the social and ecological dimension of development is not adequately addressed. A genuine economic development should take into account social problems and ecological conservation. The incorporation of this social dimension into Indonesian economic development has been made more difficult after the economic crisis hit Indonesia in 1997. Therefore, an alternative model of economic development is needed so that the state and market might play their appropriate role in producing economic welfare for the people.
Realities Of Discrimination In Indonesia: The Case Of The Civil Service
Sejak bergulirnya reformasi tuntutan terhadap bidang administrasi untuk menghilangkan diskriminasi terhadap golongan minoritas terutama etnis cina juga semakin menguat, namun dalam tataran praktek upaya tersebut menemui kegagalan. Paper ini diawali dengan identifikasi upaya-upaya pemerintah untuk meniadakan diskriminasi institutional yang ternyata gagal membawa perubahan substantif kemudian penulis mengajukan usulan alternatif untuk menghilangkan ataupun mengkahiri diskriminasi tersebut melalui upaya-upaya pemerintah yaitu perubahan sistemik, perubahan prosedural, perubahan budaya organisasi dan perilaku pegawai negeri sebagai pemberi pelayanan administrasi.
Pengembangan Kualitas Pelayanan Publik di Daerah
The Objective of Local Government is mainly to provide basic services in order to improve local community wellbeings. In Indonesia, the local government apparatus do not understand well about the issue of quality services, as they primarily give more attention on the issue of local revenues, based on local taxation and retribution. This has resulted in quality of services provided by most local authorities, that local community can hardly satisfied. With regards to such condition, the writer reccommends the local government to improve their quality of public services by establishing standards of quality public services and develop the capacity of local government aparatus to implement and to maintain excellences in the provision of local public services. In order to do that, the local governments need to understand the concept of excellence in public service, the principles in developing Minimum Standards of Public Services, and the model of quality services gaps. “With service excellence, everyone wins. Customers win. Employee win. Management wins. Stockholders win. Community win. The Country Wins.” (Zeithaml et.al.,1990: 2)
Good Regulatory Governance Sebagai Wujud Akuntabilitas Pelayanan Publik
Autonomy, at the moment, misinterpreted as auto-money; is providing money as much as possible for the local autonomy government. Therefore, since UU No. 22 tahun 1999 is implemented, a lot of local regulation problems has emerged, especially entail to local taxes and local retributions that may distort economic activities. Some cases in West Java Province, Kota Bandung, Kabupaten Garut, Kabupaten Ciamis, and also Kabupaten Cirebon showed the problem. To prevent the appearance of local regulations problem, experiences in some state, such as : United States of America, Australian, English, Denmark, Dutch, and Japan, they run a cheerful concept Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA), as a representation of Good Regulatory Governance. There are four matters which are need to be paid attention in policy formulation --especially entail to local taxes and retributions-- namely: The Principle of Competitive Neutrality, The Principle of Minimum Effective Regulations, The Principle of Transparency Participation and The Principle of Costs-Benefits Effectiveness.
Mencermati Eksistensi Pelayanan Sektor Publik: Pergeseran Paradigma, Tantangan, Kepemimpinan dan Pemberdayaan
The development of information technology and the increase of knowledge of Indonesian people are become a demand to the public service institutions to make some improvement. In fact, to make these improvement is not an easy things; in the contrary it is the, hardest thing to do. To achieve these goal leadership is mostly needed. Someone with strong leadership is needed to create empowerment for the institution and its members.
POLITIK DAN BIROKRASI: Reposisi Peran Birokrasi Publik dalam Proses Politik Lokal
Based on assumption that is politics and administration does not differents, this paper will be analyzed interrelation between politics and bureaucracy. This is a classical themes in public administration. But, after Indonesian government carrying out decentralization policy under UU No. 22 Tahun 1999, it is very interesting to elaborate this themes. Why? Because of decentralization policy have several impact to local political process. For example, legislative institution have more power than before. In this case, we can say that - in the hypothetic manner - legislative institution (as a real manifestation of politics) tend to donimated decision making process. For bureaucracy, it is not a good news. Under New Order regime, bureaucracy institution was very stronger than legislative institution. According to this change, this paper will be examined what it's the meaning of this change, especially when we search for the better understanding on politic-bureaucracy nexus. This paper will be focuse on three questions: (1) what is the implication of these change to bureaucratic reform of local government; what is the imperative process for bureaucratic government reform; (2) deal with to justice values, how to carrying out these reform?
Anatomi Manajamen Publik dalam Konteks Perubahan di Indonesia Pascareformasi
There are three kinds of societies : high trust society, low trust society and zero trust society or distrust society. Indonesia tries to achieve democratization, therefore should provide civil liberties and political rights to all citizens, unfortunately in the Suharto’s regime those were not exist. Government only accommodate certain groups: entrepreneurs, bureaucrats and military. Many books reveal ways to change the authoritarian government to democratic government. Role of the elite, society involvement, and mix between elites and societies. Huntington mentioned three scenarios should be used. Transformation, replacements and transplacements. According to Larry, external intervention could be used to make the change. At the end of the 20th century, Indonesia has most dramatic political experience. Reformation Era arises and supported by the arises of freedom to speak (at the pers level). After five years of the transition time, many questions emerge and need answers. Where the reformation is leading? Indonesian citizen think that democratic movement is not congruence with many people wished and may be get worse than Suharto’s regime. The writer proposes the continuing new democratic way to support the reformation process. Based on that, the writer focuses on several problems. Civil society, local autonomy relate to socio economic development, civil-military relationship, gender and women representatives.
What Can Indonesia Learn from American Federalism?
As Indonesia is moving from an authoritarian state to a democratic political system, there is a growing debate whether it is more suitable for the country to adopt a federal system in order to make sure that political power is brought closer to the people in the regions. The paper argues that the American federal system can be a source of some important lessons for Indonesia. However, it is necessary to note that a belief that a federal system may lead to a more equitable distribution of development resources should be read as a theoretical statement rather than an empirical description of reality. After all, some developing countries which adopt federal system like Brazil and Nigeria showed no convincing evidence about a better performance in the national distribution of development resources.
Although decentralization and autonomy is exercised since Indonesian republic is formed, but they are not developed such as in West Countries, because it is not a panacea for the ill state or especially local government. Theoritically, there are many prerequisites of decentralization and autonomy that should called attention to the civil servants whose governed the local government. Many theoriticians written down about decentralization, included the advantages and disadvantages of it, the prerequisites should be fulfilled to apply it. Decentralization means that there are transfer of authority and responsibility in public function from central government to local government, other semi public agenda and also to the private sector. Also there are opinion about form and type of decentralization. The interesting things is the type of decentralization which divided decentralization into 4 types namely political, administrative, fiscal, economic and market decentralization. The aim of fiscal decentralization is to transfer the source of the financial to local such as the right to own and manage their own properties and the right to manage their human resources. But it is restricted by the upper rules, the well being of the people and should be applied properly. Local government give more attention to how they can earn more revenue than how to used it. Actually many infraction is occurred in the expenditures area. Local government is facing constraint with the fiscal decentralization relating with the source of the revenue. Central government still have right to attract revenue from local government, the effect is the state give balance aid to complete APBD (Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah). So central government still become the importance role in public decentralization The expenditure part in APBD is consist of two parts, routine budget and development budget. In reality, both of them is used for the sake of the local government itself. Nowadays the routine budget is bigger than development budget. All of this constraint can be suremount if, the local government has human resources that competent in their tasks. Once again central government didn't give a guide to the local government about the national Employee System, the effect is the local government can use by their own way about how to manage their civil servants.
Kompetensi Aparatur Dalam Pelaksanaan Desentralisasi Dan Otonomi Daerah
Historically, there are rules that followed pasal 18 UUD 1945. the arise of rules No 22 and 25 /1999 based on TAP MPR No XV/MPR/1998, it is occurred because there are many constraints that are facing by the rules No 5/1974 and then opportunities that are realized by the government and the representative of the people to exercise decentralization and autonomy. The opportunities are realized by them, such as the effort of reformation, the strong need of democratization and decentralization, free trade, globalization etc. Rule No 22/1999 explicitely separate the autonomy between the central government and the local govemment. it is also declare the autonomy of the local government is to manage it's own region in order to the public service in it's own region. The rule No 25/1999 is made to complete the rule No 22/1999. Local government should realized that autonomy which is given to the local government costly. Local government should reanalyze and reidentify the source of the local income to increase local income and in order to exercise decentralization. The exercise of decentralization needed financial decentralization, it means that government need human resources that are competent and professional to increase the source of the local income and how to used it in local region. Education and trainings is a tool that can be used to increase the capabilities of the apparatus. Should be note, that the education and the training that are exercised before is not a good tool because it can fullfilled the need of their task. So education and training that will be used should be analyzed it's own goals, such as what is the standard to become a good civil servant. The civil servant that are competent and professional is one of the basic tools that can help local government to increase public service and public welfare.
Copyright (c) 2002 Deddy Supriady Bratakusumah
Signifikansi Struktur, Kultur, Prosedur, Dan Figur Dalam Reformasi Administrasi Publik Daerah Otonom
Kegagalan Orde Baru dalam menangani krisis multibidang tahun 1997-1999, telah menimbulkan gerakan reformasi yang menuntut perubahan pada segala bidang. Dilihat dari sifat dan prosesnya proses reformasi administrasi publik di Indonesia termasuk proses perubahan yang bersifat “discontinues” dengan pendekatan strategi penciptaan ulang atau pembuatan kesisteman yang baru. Dengan demikian diperlukan proses transformasi yang sistemik, komprehensif dan holistik serta perlu adanya langkah-langkah strategis dalam penyehatan organisasi. Struktur, kultur, prosedur dan figur merupakan dimensi-dimensi strategis baik sebagai input maupun output dan proses perubahan administrasi publik. UU Otonomi Daerah lahir sebagai salah satu wujud dan proses reformasi administrasi publik yang diskontinyu. Dikaji dari berbagai dimensi strategis di atas, menunjukkan bahwa, dari elemen struktur masih terdapat paradoks dimana unsur pusat dan propinsi masih enggan melepaskan kewenangan dalam bidang pemerintahan kepada daerah Kabupaten dan Kota. Dari dimensi kultur, masih ada hambatan seperti budaya kerja Orde Baru yang tidak inovatif, ketidakjelasan aturan, egoisme kedaerahan serta aktivitas anggota DPRD yang lebih berorientasi ke uang. Dari elemen prosedur, masih terlihat tuntutan daerah akan otonomi yang lebih besar. Disamping itu koordinasi propinsi dengan kabupaten/kota menjadi sulit karena terputusnya hirarki kedua tingkat pemerintahan tersebut. Masalah lain dari dimensi kultur adalah adanya ketidakpuasan daerah atas sistem bagi hasil sumber-sumber seperti yang ditetapkan. Dilihat dari elemen yang terakhir yaitu figur kepemimpinan, dirasakan masih belum adanya komitmen yang kuat dari kepemimpinan pusat atas pelaksanaan desentralisasi. Dalam level daerah, belum didukung adanya mekanisme kepemimpinan yang visioner. Berbagai persoalan dalam empat elemen di atas menunjukkan beragam masalah dalam implementasi pelaksanaan reformasi pemerintahan daerah, sehingga bisa diambil sebagai pelajaran dan kajian evaluasi lebih lanjut.
Profil Birokrasi Pemerintahan Dalam Semangat Otonomi Daerah
Sumber daya manusia birokrasi pemerintahan daerah merupakan salah satu sentral permasalahan dalam era otonomi daerah. Sumber daya manusia birokrasi dengan mutu yang rendah, bagaimanapun, tidak akan mampu merumuskan kebijakan publik yang berkualitas dan mencapai kinerja optimal, apalagi jika tidak memiliki moralitas yang terpuji dan tanggung jawab atas profesinya. Di samping sumber daya manusia, juga terdapat dimensi lain yang menentukan potret birokrasi pemerintahan, seperti : struktur, kultur, prosedur dan figur yang kesemuanya belum kondusif bagi birokrasi pemerintahan daerah untuk melaksanakan otonomi daerah. Untuk itu diperlukan usaha-usaha pemberdayaan birokrasi untuk membenahi potret birokrasi pemerintahan yang wajahnya makin carut marut. Satu hal penting ialah kemauan elit politik dan pemerintahan untuk menempatkan profesionalisme di atas yang lain. Ini dapat dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan beberapa upaya pembenahan seperti: sistem manajemen kepegawaian, proses seleksi pegawai, netralitas birokrasi, gaya hidup birokrasi, budaya kerja birokrasi. Pembenahan dilakukan secara simultan dan menyeluruh di semua lini melalui review seluruh pejabat publik oleh badan independen, misalnya, Komite Etika PNS independen, jujur dan non partisan yang keanggotaannya diakses dari berbagai kalangan.
The Politics of Civil Society in the Post-Suharto Indonesia: NGOs and CSOs Relations
Hopes for democratization in Indonesia runs high, especially among political observers both at home and abroad. However, the elitist character of Indonesian politics have produced surprises and volatile changes that in the long run may jeopardize democracy itself. When decentralization was introduced, the power falls into the hands of the local bosses whose greed control on local resources have brought local political system into stalemate. When most parts of the society took laws into their own hands, the concept of civil society is inflated and mischievousness enters the local politics.
Peningkatan Kualitas Pelayanan Publik Melalui Citizen's Charter
Public service is an effort to meet the basic needs for goods, services and administrative services provided by public service providers to the public. Good public services must be able to meet the needs of the community that are not convoluted, with a waiting time is relatively quick, and can be beneficial to all parties. It is claimed that poor public services are still becoming the reality of our current society. One of the efforts to encourage the government to improve the quality of public services is by using citizen's charter. It includes an agreement between service providers and service users about the types, procedures, costs, time and manner of service delivery according to service standards that are agreed by all parties involved.
Copyright (c) 2015 Jurnal Administrasi Publik
Government Resource Management System (GRMS): Inovasi Layanan Publik Dalam Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah di Pemerintah Kota Surabaya
Implementation of e-Government, in fact facilitates the relationships between government, private, and the community, making them more efficient, effective, and productive. The ease of governance relationships through e-Government was responded well by the Surabaya City Government in order to improve services to the government, the private sector and the public. To improve its services, city officials adopted the ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), a kind of software that integrates all departments and functions of a company or into a computer system that can serve all the needs of the company, either from the sales department, HR, production or finance. The objective of the ERP system is to coordinate the organization's overall business. The Surabaya City Government has implemented the ERP software with the name of Government Resources Management System (GRMS). The GRMS is one of the innovations developed as a resource management system that is integrated with the administration of bureaucratic activity from upstream to downstream (in the context of spending) that has been developed by the government of Surabaya in order to support local financial management. The implementation of GRMS is expected to increase transparency and accountability in government procurement, information on the state or condition of physical progress of a work and its problems, and facilitate the acknowledgement and accumulation of expenditures for each activity in the construction and implementation of activities or tasks in accordance with schedule which have been implemented. So that the desired output to meet the challenges and demands of better public services.
Perilaku Maladministrasi Birokrasi Dalam Pelayanan Publik di Kota Pekanbaru, Provinsi Riau: Faktor Penyebab dan Solusinya
Changes in the system of government and bureaucratic reforms have not been able to prevent maladministration in the bureaucratic behavior in Indonesia. The question is whether this type of behavior exists in public service in the city of Pekanbaru. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of such behavior in government institutions that provides document services directly to the public and whether it has a back up solution to prevent bureaucratic maladministration behavior. Questionnaires were distributed to 250 employees of Population and Civil Registration, Office of Integrated Services and Investment, Immigration Office Class I, Office SAMSAT and sub-district office employees in the city of Pekanbaru. Quantitative analysis of this study reinforced the result of a depth interview conducted with 5 key informants, a supporting method employed in this research. The research revealed that bureaucratic maladministration behavior is caused by heredity bureaucratic culture where the institutions eventually discharge employees who have low labor productivity and shift the mind set of employees in order to improve the quality of service.
Public Private Partnership: Kolaborasi Pemerintah dan Swasta Dalam Pengelolaan Aset Publik di Kota Makassar
This study aims to describe the model of cooperation between the Government of Makassar as the bureaucracy with the private sector within the framework of collaborative governance, and see the effectiveness of such cooperation for the public interest. The study used a qualitative approach, the locus of the two institutions namely Makassar City Government and PT. Tosan Permai as the developer. The focus of research is on the management aspects Karebosi Field. Sources of data obtained from cooperating agencies and also from other stakeholders which are the Land Board, Member of Parliament, and the public of Makassar. Data collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Data were analyzed by descriptive qualitative perform data reduction, presentation, interpretation and subsequent inference. The results shows that Makassar City Government handed over the management of public assets to the private sector due to limited resources such as the management of construction and maintenance funds, facilities and personnel. With the cooperation between the private sector collaborative, public asset development can be done quickly and minimize the use of local government budgets. Public asset management right field Karebosi conducted by the Mayor of Makassar with the private sector using the model of contracting out in the form of joint use of the system through the model BGS (Guna Bangun Serah). Within this cooperation mode, each party has the rights and obligations set out in the contract. The results of the collaboration have a positive impact for both sides namely to municipalities to generate revenue (PAD) and no longer burdened with the cost of management and maintenance of land, availability of comfortable public space area and a green area in the city center. Private parties gain the utilization of land and underground around the field as the business district. The society benefits from the availability of public space as a mean of recreations, sports, and other various events.
Pentingnya Transportasi Umum untuk Kepentingan Publik
Metropolitan cities with population of more than two million people and various activities i.e. economy, social, culture, education, and tourism, will automatically attract satellite cities. Impact of certain activities, poor land use, and limited infrastructure development physically leads to the increase of travel necessities which then causes traffic congestion almost during the whole day. One of the aspects needed to create a sustainable metropolitan city is good public transportation. The case study is carried out in Bandung. Based on existing conditions found in Bandung's public transportation, with paratransit as common public transportation and a limited number of mass rapid transit, therefore proposed alternative solutions could be as follow: the availability of city regulation, effort to reduce traffic congestion, orderly operation of paratransit, fixed route of medium and large bus operation, adherence of road users to traffic regulation, and good land use management, that involve all stakeholders.
Revitalisasi Konsep Publik Dalam Pemikiran dan Praktek Pembangunan Kota Bandung Lestari
Sustainable development is defined as the ability to ensure the fulfillment of the needs of the present without sacrificing the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The concept of sustainable urban development is crucial because at the beginning of the 21st century, more than half of the world's population live in urban areas. By using the concept of sustainable development and comparing the empirical facts about the reputation of the city of Bandung with other cities in Indonesia, this paper aims to a hypothesis stating that the realization of becoming a champion city of Bandung, as politically announced by its mayor, remains a tremendous challenge. Four critical issues need to be addressed, both by city government of Bandung as well as by its citizens, in order to promote sustainable urban development. These are, firstly, how to meet the considerable needs of the entire population of Bandung as the fight against poverty through employment and adequate public services. Secondly, how to establish a political system that guarantees the participation of the population Bandung effectively in the decision making process and ensure the application of greater democracy in both national and international levels. Thirdly, how to control the number of population and to promote lifestyle changes, both the manager and the people. Fourthly, how to build political will at encouraging all of them can be realized. At the end, this article concludes that the revitalization of publicness as central concept in sustainable development has now met its momentum, yet it needs the tireless efforts.
Copyright (c) 2015 Pius Suratman Kartasasmita