Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional

Peran Perempuan dalam Proses Bina Damai: Studi Kasus Aktivis Perempuan di Sudan Selatan (2005-2018)

Maria Fryna Angelica Andris — 2023-06-19

Amidst the oppressive patriarchal culture, the lingering conflict in South Sudan between 2005-2018 has caused women to experience discrimination and violence. The dissatisfaction of women activists with the social system and the protracted conflict eventually encouraged them to participate in the peacebuilding process. This article examines the role of women in the peacebuilding activities by describing the work of women activists in South Sudan. The study is conducted qualitatively by applying the case study method and utilizing the Feminist methodology to comprehensively examine individuals and women's activist organizations activities in peacebuilding through the women perspective. This research finds that women activists play a role in the peacebuilding process at every level of the actor pyramid, from grassroots, middle, to top level. Positive and transformative changes take place as the result of their roles. At the top level, the peacebuilding efforts have encouraged the South Sudanese government to involve women activists in the peace negotiation process with
Sudan and ensure gender equality in the formulated constitution. At the middle and lower levels, peacebuilding efforts succeeded in convincing South Sudanese to support the implementation of gender equality as part of conflict resolution.

Keywords: Women; Peacebuilding; Gender Equality; Discrimination; South Suda

Counter-Human Trafficking in East Nusa Tenggara: The Urgency of Strengthening NGOs Role through Multilevel Collaborative Governance

Arie Kusuma Paksi — 2023-06-19

Human trafficking has been one of the prolonged transnational organized crime issues in Indonesia, especially in East Nusa Tenggara Province (NTT). Though government has made some efforts to address the issue, the trafficking cases in the region still remains high. This research attempts to analyze and challenge the existing anti-trafficking scheme designed and performed by the government. Using a qualitative research method, this research found that the government has managed to include non-state stakeholders—such as NGOs and civil society organizations—in its counter trafficking strategy. However, the role of non-state stakeholders are still limited and regarded as a mere technical support as well as an assistance provider for the trafficking victims, rather than engaged in an early and further strategic stage. The established cooperation tends to represent a partnership instead of a collaboration. This research highlights the urgency of redesigning counter-trafficking response in East Nusa Tenggara and strengthening the role NGOs through a collaborative multilevel governance, which emphasize further engagement of non-state stakeholder in policy-making process.

Keywords: Human trafficking; NGOs role; multilevel collaborative governance.

International Trade and Inequality: A Comparative Study Between Czech Republic and Poland

Emy Sri Reskiyah — 2023-06-19

Income inequality as one of the dimensions of economic inequality has been a serious social problem both in developed and developing countries. It also attracts attention both in popular and academic writing and in public debates. One of the arguments shows that trade liberalisation is linked to an increase in income inequality in high-income countries, and reduces inequality in low-income countries. The Czech Republic and Poland, as among the high-income countries, have not seen rising levels of income inequality during the financial crisis in 2008-2009 and are also among the lowest levels of income inequality. This research uses the theory of international trade and the concept of income inequality as an analytical tool. The objective of this research is to examine the reason for why both countries have not seen rising in their level of income inequality during the financial crisis in 2008-2009 and to further investigate the relations between international trade and level of income inequality by using comparative analysis and the quantitative methods of descriptive statistical analysis. This paper shows that besides a decrease in trade turnover that leads to a lower level of income inequality when it is measured by Gini Coefficient, the macroeconomic policies also play crucial part in low level of income inequality in the Czech Republic and Poland.

Keywords: International Trade; Income Inequality; Poland; Czech Republic; Gini Coefficient

Kerentanan Wilayah Konflik dan Upaya Negara dalam Mengatasi Covid di Wilayah Konflik Internal

Gita Karisma — 2023-06-19

The Covid 19 pandemic has become an interesting issue contemporary, especially when the virus of Covid 19 spreads quickly throughout the world, then also spreads to the conflict areas. This phenomenon brings a concern when a country should be able to seriously overcome the pandemic problems, obviously getting involved into conflicts and clashes with certain ethnic groups or separatist groups. Using a qualitative method, this article looks at the state's trend on implementing its policy and dealing with Covid in the area of internal conflict particularly in Xinjiang and Rakhine. The neutrality of the state is tested in providing rights and ef orts to overcome the problem of Covid 19 pandemic. The discriminative and late responses of the States make it more complicated. The mitigation becomes even more difficult due to the vulnerability of conflict areas, which have long had problems of poverty, lack of infrastructures and health services, the existence of sentiment and distrust among each other.

Keywords: Covid-19; policy; vulnerability; conflict; state

Surviving in the Post-Repatriation Era: Challenges and Opportunities for Papuan refugees after returning from Papua New Guinea

Melyana R Pugu — 2023-06-19

Although many studies have been carried out on the living conditions of Papuan refugees in Papua New Guinea, little is known about what happens to them once they have been repatriated to the Indonesian province of Papua. This study seeks to fill this void. By focusing on two areas of repatriants’ settlement in Papua Province (Kwimi village of Keerom and Nasem village of Merauke), this article examines their living conditions in the post-repatriation period and identify ways in which the Indonesian government can improve its repatriation program. Data were gathered through focus group discussions, observation, and library research between the second and third week of December 2021. This research, based on a qualitative descriptive approach, found that Papuan repatriants faced difficulties adjusting to life after repatriation. Among their challenges are reintegrating into the community, finding employment, funding their children’s education, gaining livelihoods, and clashing with land settlements. These difficulties stem from the government’s inability to provide proper assistance to repatriated individuals within the first five years of their settlement, which results in challenges for them during the reintegration process. This research also offers recommendations for Indonesia’s central and local governments to formulate a coordinated policy in handling repatriants; develop a project plan in the first five years covering the principles of safety, protection, mentoring, empowerment; and consider the repatriation issue in the country’s best interest.

Keywords: Papua; Papua New Guinea; repatriants; refugee

Pengembangan Geopark Nasional Indonesia menuju UNESCO Global Geopark sebagai Diplomasi Geotourism Indonesia

Leonard Felix Hutabarat — 2023-06-19

The development of geopark has been carried out in the last three decades. Since its development by UNESCO, the total number of global geoparks has advanced annually. At country level, Indonesia has only less than 6 (six) UNESCO Global Geoparks compares to its variety of topography in Indonesia, which underlines geological heritage landscapes. Why does Indonesia need to develop more global geoparks and what are the opportunities according to UNESCO requirements? This paper uses the UNESCO global geopark diplomacy and geotourism framework. The method used is qualitative with descriptive analysis. The establishment of national geoparks towards UNESCO Global Geoparks has been seen to be one of an ef ective regional development instruments in a sustainable way. Establishing UNESCO Global Geoparks are not only a way to develop geotourism, but also to develop economic development. The establishment of Indonesian national geoparks to be UNESCO Global Geoparks could be as an engine to provide employments, economic prosperity, public progress as well as environmental protection. Development of Indonesian national geopark to be UNESCO Global Geoparks will be one of strategy in Indonesian geotourism diplomacy as well as Indonesia’s commitment to sustainable development.

Keywords: diplomacy; geopark; geotourism; UNESCO Global Geopark

Sekuritisasi Pengungsi dan Migran dari Timur Tengah oleh Pemerintah Hungaria Tahun 2015-2019

Angga Nurdin Rachmat — 2023-06-19

The repressive policy issued by the Hungarian government has positioned refugees and migrants as threats to national security which has come under the spotlight of many parties including the European Union. Where in fact Hungary is a party state in the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 protocol. This study sees that the behavior exhibited by Hungary is a form of securitization carried out on the issue of refugees and migrants by the Government of Viktor Orban. Therefore, this study seeks to uncover the processes and actors in securitization carried out by the Hungarian Government on refugees and migrants originated from the Middle East in the period 2015-2019. This research is based on a constructivism approach with securitization theory developed by the Copenhagen School to see the process and actors in the securitization of refugee and migrant issues by the Hungarian government. This study found that the securitization of the refugee and migrant issues in Hungary involving the activities of the speech act as a form of intersubjective communication aimed at building referent objects and shaping perceptions about threats from refugees and migrants carried out by PM Viktor Orban. Besides that, it was found that the mass media in Hungary became functional actors who contributed greatly to the success of the securitization process of refugee and migrant issues by becoming a bridge that connects securitizing actors and audiences.

Keywords: Victor Orban; value; identity; threat; mass media