Jurnal Sentris

Kepentingan Amerika Serikat terhadap Bantuannya dalam Permasalahan Kudeta Militer Myanmar Era Joe Biden

2023-03-31T17:13:07+07:00

Myanmar has experienced a democracy crisis and is facing a violent war for human rights by the military junta. The conflict between the military and the victory of Aung San Suu Kyi's party, namely the NLD (National League for Democracy) party, caused Myanmar to experience a coup since February 2021. The human rights urgency of the Myanmar problem caused international institutions and a number of countries such as the United States to help Myanmar in resolving the problem by both providing financial assistance and other government development assistance to Myanmar, through its agency USAID (United States Agency for International Development). The existence of USAID assistance to Myanmar indicates that there are things that encourage US assistance to Myanmar which raises questions; what are the interests of the US through USAID in helping Myanmar. Which questions will be answered in this paper with a historical approach based on the theory of liberalism.

Keywords: Military Coup; liberalism; Myanmar; USAID

References

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O.P.R. (2001, February 11). USAID Immediately Redirects $42 Million in Response to the Military. U.S. Agency for International Development. https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press releases/feb-11-2021-usaid-immediately-redirects-42-million-response-military-coup-Myanmar

O.P.R. (2021, May 18). United States Announces Nearly $155 Million in New Funding for the. U.S.

Agency for International Development. https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press releases/may-18-2021-us-announces-nearly-155-million-new-funding-Myanmar-bangladesh crisis

Tarnoff, C. (2018). The Marshall plan: Design, accomplishments, and significance (Vol. 18). Congressional Research Service. https://www.ethiopianregistrar.com/files/sgp/crs/row/r45079.pdf .

Toosi, N. (2018, July 31). Trump officials split over punishing Myanmar for atrocities. POLITICO. https://www.politico.com/story/2018/07/31/myanmar-rohingya-white-house-trump-officials 752730

U.S. Agency for International Development. (2021, July). U.S. Foreign Aid by Country|Myanmar. Foreign Aid Explorer. https://foreignassistance.gov/cd/MMR?implementing_agency_id=1&measure=Obligations&fisca l_year=2017

U.S. Agency for International Development. (2021a, June). U.S. Foreign Aid by Country|Myanmar. Foreign Aid Explorer. https://foreignassistance.gov/cd/MMR?fiscal_year=2020&implementing_agency_id=1&measure =Obligations

U.S. Relations With Myanmar. (2021, June 3). United States Department of State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-Myanmar/

Viotti, P. R dan Mark V. K. (2012)."International Relations Theory:Fifth Edition. (United States: Pearson Education Inc), 129-130.

Who We Are | U.S. Agency for International Development. (n.d.). U.S. Agency for International Development. Retrieved August 6, 2021, from https://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are

Yazid, N. M. (2015). The theory of hegemonic stability, hegemonic power and international political economic stability. Global Journal of Political Science and Administration, 3(6), 67- 79.https://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Theory-of-Hegemonic-Stability Hegemonic-Power-and-International-Political-Economic-Stability-1.pdf.

Weak State as a Security Threat: Study Case of El Salvador (2014-2019)

2023-04-12T16:32:38+07:00

The World Trade Center Attack or 9/11 tragedy has awakened the international community, particularly the United States (US) to sharpen its foreign policy in facing security threats coming from ‘weak states’. One of the most prominent weak states examples that pose a grave threat to other countries are the Northern Triangle Countries of Central America that referred to Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Hence, this paper will discuss the rationale behind US initiatives in dealing with security threats in El Salvador as one of the Northern Triangle Countries. In analyzing the case, the writers will use the weak state concept and national interest concept. The result of this paper finds that El Salvador corresponds to the elements of a weak state and further poses security threats by giving rise to transnational criminal organizations, drug trafficking, and migrant problems in which overcoming those security threats has become US vital national interest. However, we also find that although decreasing security threats and strengthening El Salvador government capacity is highly correlated, strengthening El Salvador governance through the providence of aid and assistance is actually classified as US important national interest.

Keywords: Security threats; Northern Triangle; weak state; El Salvador; national interest

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Masa Depan Gas Alam dan Ekonomi Jerman dalam Konstelasi Perang Rusia-Ukraina

2023-04-11T18:21:47+07:00

This paper focuses on the implications of the Russia-Ukraine war on Germany's dependence on natural gas supplies imported from Russia, which affects the German economy. Through the theory of dependency, we will analyze whether energy-dependent relationships cause great losses when relations between countries run into problems and how Germany responds to this situation. Russia is currently trying to take control of Ukraine and has begun a military invasion. Meanwhile, Germany, which is a member of the European Union, is experiencing pressure from the European Union to sanction Russia in the form of a natural gas embargo. Losses can be experienced by Germany due to restrictions on the supply of natural gas energy from Russia which affect the productivity of its industry because the German industry is based on natural gas energy imported from Russia. This study shows that Germany is dependent on natural gas energy cooperation from
Russia. This dependence affects the economic stability of the German state and Germany's political relations with the European Union. So Germany is looking for ways to not depend on natural gas products and switch to renewable energy. Although at first, it was very difficult for Germany to decide to sanction a natural gas embargo against Russia, Germany decided that it was willing and ready to embargo Russia. This research uses qualitative methodology by means of a literature study to obtain data and information. It is interesting to discuss this topic because of the complexity between Germany towards Russia and the European Union in importing natural gas for the benefit of Germany's economic development.

Keywords: Germany; Russia; economy; natural Gas; dependency

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Egan, M. (2022, February 24). Why the Russian invasion will have huge economic consequences for American families. CNN.

https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/16/economy/russia-ukraineeconomy-inflation/index.html. Diakses pada 27 Oktober 2022.

Eia.gov. (2022). International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/RUS . Diakses pada 28 Oktober 2022. Emmott, R. (2022). EU agrees another 500 million euros for Ukrainian arms. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-seeks-keep-up-support-ukraine-despite-economic damage-2022-07-18/. Diakses pada 23 Oktober 2022.

Fouquet, R. Path dependence in energy systems and economic development. Nat Energy 1, 16098 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016 98 . Diakses pada 28 Oktober 2022. Gehrke, Laurenz, and Hans. “Scholz: Russian Energy Ban Would Mean European Recession.” POLITICO. POLITICO, March 23, 2022. https://www.politico.eu/article/olaf-scholz-warns against-russia-energy-embargo/. Diakses pada 29 April 2023.

Graabak, I., Korpås, M., Jaehnert, S. and Belsnes, M. (2019). Balancing future variable wind and solar power production in Central-West Europe with Norwegian hydropower. Energy, 168, pp.870–882. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.068. Diakses pada 15 November 2022.

IMF. (2022). The Economic Impacts on Germany of a Potential Russian Gas Shutoff. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2022/07/18/The-Economic-Impacts-on Germany-of-a-Potential-Russian-Gas-Shutoff-520931 . Diakses pada 29 Oktober 2022.

Korovkin, V., & Makarin, A. (2019, June 18). Conflict and Inter-Group Trade: Evidence from the 2014 RussiaUkraine crisis. SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3397276. Diakses pada 25 Oktober 2022.

Krastev, I., & Leonard, M. (2022, February 9). The crisis of European security: What Europeans think about the war in Ukraine. ECFR. https://ecfr.eu/publication/the-crisis-of-european securitywhat-europeans-think-about-the-war-in-ukraine/. Diakses pada 24 Oktober 2022.

Lan, T., Sher, G., & Zhou, J. (2022). The economic impacts on Germany of a potential Russian gas shutoff. IMF Working Papers, 2022(144).

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Welle, Deutsche. “German Energy Crisis: Surviving Winter without Russia.” dw.com. Deutsche Welle, September 22, 2021. Https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-energy-crisis-surviving winter-without-russia/a-59258986. Diakses pada 29 April 2022.

Welle, Deutsche. “Uni Eropa Sepakat Jatuhkan Sanksi Baru Kepada Rusia.” dw.com. Deutsche Welle, June 2022. https://www.dw.com/id/eu-sepakati-sanksi-baru-zelenskyy berterimakasih/a-61994105. Diakses pada 24 Oktober 2022.

Wiseman, P. (2022, March 2). Economic dangers from Russia's invasion ripple across Globe. AP NEWS. https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-vladimir-putin-coronavirus pandemicbusiness-health-9478a9825c9abfde5f6505bd34b2998c. Diakses pada 21 Oktober 2022.

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Small Governing Coalition in Hong Kong and its Impact on Political Freedom

2023-04-11T18:23:36+07:00

Hong Kong has seen an upheaval in recent years. From the protests over the extradition law to the protests over the National Security Law, these protests are a response to the ever-encroaching hand of Beijing on political rights in Hong Kong. After the National Security Law was implemented, Hong Kong’s freedom was almost gone. One by one, pro-democracy protesters, opposition parliament members, and opposition media are being targeted and repressed. Despite the numerous protests and riots, the Hong Kong SAR government perseveres with little concession to the protesters. Why does the government of Hong Kong decided not to respect Hong Kong’s unique democratic system in China, arguably the system that has brought Hong Kong to one of the most prominent cities in the world for global interactions, and instead wish to turn it into another normal Chinese city? Why does the Hong Kong SAR government almost completely ignore the voice of the Hong Kong people? Using the framework developed by Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith in The Dictator’s Handbook, I argue that the small size of Hong Kong’s governing coalition (i.e., the minimum amount of support required for the leader to stay in power) and the ease in which the Chief Executive of Hong Kong rewards her allies play a significant role in this democratic backsliding. Furthermore, while the Western World reacted in outrage over this undemocratic encroachment of Beijing on Hong Kong, I argue that their sanctions on Hong Kong leaders will not play a significant role as the Chief Executive of Hong Kong does not need their support.

Keywords: Hong Kong; democracy; protests; governing coalition;sanctions

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What Drives Nuclear-Aspiring States? The Cases of Iran and North Korea

2023-03-17T17:31:01+07:00

Why do states want to acquire nuclear weapons? In other words, what drives nuclear-aspiring states? This is the basic question that the author seeks to address in this research. To do so, this research will focus on two standout cases: Iran and North Korea. By employing structural realism as a tool of analysis, the author argues that it is the structure of the international system that drives both Iran and North Korea to acquire nuclear weapons of their own. Specifically, it is the highly unequal distribution of power both regionally and globally that encourages both states to go nuclear. At the global level, both Iran and North Korea found themselves in hostilities with a much more powerful state, the United States. The hostilities and the fact that the United States is way more powerful increase the fear of being attacked in both countries. Similarly, at the regional level, both states face neighbors that are relatively more powerful and have alliances with the United States. Thus, this imbalance of power and the fear it created in both Iran and North Korea give them great incentive to go nuclear, as nuclear weapons would act as a deterrent against any possible aggression. This research is qualitative and based on the literature study data collection method.

Keywords: Nuclear proliferation; national security; distribution of capabilities; structural realism

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The Relevance of Human Security Approach in Assessing The Causes and Solutions to Food Insecurity in South Sudan (Case Study: South Sudan 2017 Famine)

2022-10-29T11:59:00+07:00

Despite South Sudan’s high potential in agriculture and cultivation, food insecurity brought dire consequences to the people’s well-being throughout 2017. The previous research mostly points to the South Sudan ongoing civil war as the main cause of food insecurity but has yet to sufficiently explore the case study using a human security approach. This paper will attempt to analyze the relevance of the human security approach in explaining the primary factor of food insecurity for the South Sudan people during 2017 and how the approach can be used to mitigate the issue. The author argues that the human security approach can reveal the South Sudan government’s lack of prioritization for their people’s well-being in decision-making as the primary factor of food insecurity, which can be mitigated by a people-centered approach in the future decisions of all the relevant actors. The author utilized Ken Booth’s security as emancipation theory as the main perspective in the study alongside Sabine Alkire’s human security concept and Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) food security indicators. The main findings confirm the importance of the human security approach in the decision-making of governments and other relevant actors, especially in the context of ensuring food security.

Keywords: South Sudan; food Security; human Security; emancipation

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Barry, Hannah. “Starving Out the Enemy: Withholding Food Aid as a Tactic of War in South Sudan.” Mapping Politics 8, no. 2 (2017): 59. https://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/MP/article/view/1778.

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de Vries, Lotje and Mareike Schomerus. “South Sudan’s Civil War Will Not End with a Peace Deal.” Peace Review 29, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 333–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2017.1344533.

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Murphy, Ray. “The United Nations Mission in South Sudan and the Protection of Civilians.” Journal of Conflict and Security Law 22, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 367–94, https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krx016.

O’Driscoll, Dylan. Drivers of Malnutrition in South Sudan. Brighton: K4D Research Helpdesk, Institute of Development Studies, 2018.

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Wethes, Sascha and David Bosold. “Human Security in Practice: Canadian and Japanese Experiences.” In Human Security, edited by Taylor Owens, 87-96. California: Sage Publishing, 2013.

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WFP and African Union. The Cost of Hunger in Africa: Ethiopia 2013. Rome: WFP and African Union, 2013. https://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/newsroom/wfp263405.pdf?_ga=2.22 4381916.696497991.1628524817-587994483.1628403586.

The Prisoner’s Dilemma: Indonesia and the European Union in Export Commodity Disputes

2023-06-15T08:15:29+07:00

Nickel ore export ban has been imposed by Indonesia as the leading actor on the global nickel supply chain which created a disruption and has not been perceived well by other countries, especially the European Union (EU) countries. This paper will analyze the implications caused by the export ban to EU countries and the actions following it, including the enactment of the palm oil ban. Starting with the World Trade Organization (WTO) panel, the EU’s strategy of forcing Indonesia to lift the export ban has not yet succeeded. With the tit-for-tat strategy, this paper identifies the EU’s palm oil ban as a form of retaliation for the Indonesian nickel ore export ban. Although the tit-for-tat strategy often is used in a positive-sum game, the conflict between Indonesia and the EU is a negative-sum game with both parties putting their economies at risk.

Keywords: nickel ore export ban, palm oil ban, tit-for-tat strategy, Indonesia, European Union

REFERENCES

Adam, B., & Ahamat, H. (2022). Indonesia’s Mineral Export Prohibition and Legality of Export Duties Under the GATT Rules. Sriwijaya Law Review, 6(2), 239.

https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol6.iss2.1661.pp239-253

Bloomberg. (2022, September 30). Export ban triples nickel investment in Indonesia’s Morowali. Mining Weekly. https://www.miningweekly.com/article/export-ban-triples-nickel-investment-in indonesias-morowali-2022-09-30

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Codingest. (2023, January 16). Threats in Europe, for Indonesian Palm Oil in 2023. BPDP. https://www.bpdp.or.id/en/threats-in-europe-for-indonesian-palm-oil-in

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Decena, K. (2019, May 9). Chinese firms lay out processing facility plans after Indonesian ore export ban. Www.spglobal.com. https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news insights/trending/l19hkna_dqquro-fmklifa2

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EU Needs Nickel, But Discriminates Palm Oil. (2021, March 8). Indonesian Palm Oil Association (GAPKI IPOA). https://gapki.id/en/news/19858/eu-needs-nickel-but-discriminates-palm-oil European Steel in Figures 2022. (n.d.). In EUROFER. EUROFER. Retrieved January 10, 2023, from https://www.eurofer.eu/assets/publications/brochures-booklets-and-factsheets/european steel-in-figures-2022/European-Steel-in-Figures-2022-v2.pdf

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