Sentris was declared in 2004 with the objective to facilitate students, especially International Relations students of Universitas Katolik Parahyangan, who are interested in academic writing. Sentris is published twice a year (March-May and October-December), managed and published by KSMPMI (Kelompok Studi Mahasiswa Pengkaji Masalah Internasional) under the supervision of Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional and International Relations Department, Parahyangan Catholic University. The word “Sentris” itself means “center”, with the hope that “Sentris” can be an independent center, especially for students who want to distribute and develop their ability in academic writing. Sentris can be a credible literature reference for students especially in the International Relations field since it mostly focuses on International Relations issues. The writings published by Sentris are thoroughly blind reviewed by experts and academicians in respective areas such as International Politics and Security; International Politics and Economy; International Organizations and Regime; and Politics, Media, and Transnational Society.Thereupon, articles that successfully passed the reviewing process will be published online through the Open Journal System which can be accessed through Sentris website. Our expectation is not only to give our finest to International Relations students and academicians, but also to the general society. Concisely, based on “by students, from students, and for students”, we always strive to be able to deliver our best effort through Sentris. We hope that Sentris can be adequately accepted and influence the heart of the readers. Journal title Sentris Frequency bianually (March-May and October December) Prefix DOI 10.25693 Online ISSN 2746-3826 Print ISSN 0216-5031 Editor In Chief Putu Agung Nara Indra Prima Satya [ ] Publisher Universitas Katolik Parahyangan Citation analysis Scopus, Google Scholar, Dimensions, Registration and login are required to submit items online and to check the status of current submissions. Already have a Username/Password? GO TO LOGIN Not a user? Register with this site GO TO REGISTRATION
Kelompok Studi Mahasiswa Pengkaji Masalah Internasional Unpar
Menavigasi Eksploitasi: Keamanan Manusia dalam Rantai Pasok Budi Daya Udang di Asia Tenggara
This study examines labor exploitation in shrimp farming supply chains in Southeast Asia. This study attempts to address this phenomenon by using human security theory to analyze global value chains. Southeast Asia has developed into one of the major shrimp producing regions and exports its shrimp to various developed countries, especially the European Union and the United States. This research uses qualitative methods through the study of secondary data, such as research reports, journal articles, and news. The findings of this research show how workers in the production stage experience economic, food, environmental, health and personal vulnerabilities and threats in Vietnam and Thailand. This is exacerbated by the GVC architecture that pressures developing countries to suppress their workers so that they can take a larger profit margin. This study finds that shrimp GVCs have created a systematic and interconnected system of multidimensional exploitation by targeting workers at the production level for corporate profits in the global market. ABSTRAK Studi ini mengkaji eksploitasi tenaga kerja dalam rantai pasok budi daya udang di Asia Tenggara. Studi ini mencoba membahas fenomena tersebut dengan menggunakan teori keamanan manusia dalam menganalisis global value chain. Asia Tenggara telah berkembang menjadi salah satu kawasan produsen utama udang dan mengekspor udangnya ke berbagai negara maju, terutama Uni Eropa dan Amerika Serikat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif melalui studi data sekunder, seperti laporan penelitian, artikel jurnal, dan berita. Temuan dari riset ini menunjukan bagaimana tenaga kerja di tahap produksi mengalami ancaman dan kerentanan ekonomi, pangan, lingkungan, kesehatan, dan kerentanan personal di Vietnam dan Thailand. Hal tersebut diperparah dengan arsitektur GVC yang menekan negara-negara berkembang untuk menekan pekerjanya sehingga dapat mengambil margin keuntungan lebih besar. Studi ini menemukan bahwa GVC udang telah menciptakan sistem eksploitasi multidimensi yang sistematis dan saling terkait dengan menargetkan pekerja di tingkat produksi demi keuntungan perusahaan di pasar global.
Respons ASEAN Terhadap Peredaran Narkoba Lintas Negara di Kawasan Golden Triangle
Peredaran narkoba lintas negara di kawasan Golden Triangle merupakan kejahatan transnasional yang berkembang sebagai ancaman keamanan non-tradisional di Asia Tenggara. Fenomena ini ditandai oleh mobilitas aktor dan rute perdagangan lintas batas yang kompleks, serta keterbatasan kapasitas negara dalam melakukan penanganan secara unilateral. Kondisi tersebut mendorong perlunya kerja sama regional di bawah kerangka ASEAN Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan menitikberatkan pada pendekatan kualitatif melalui data sekunder seperti literatur, situs resmi, dan laporan. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan teori rezim internasional dengan menelusuri proses pembentukan rezim melalui tiga tahap: pembentukan agenda, pemilihan institusi, dan operasionalisasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa isu narkoba dibingkai sebagai ancaman keamanan non-tradisional dan dimasukkan ke dalam agenda keamanan regional ASEAN, yang mendorong pengembangan kerangka Border Cooperation Management sebagai dasar koordinasi kejahatan transnasional, serta dioperasionalkan secara sektoral melalui ASEAN Senior Officials on Drug Matters (ASOD). ABSTRACT The transnational drug trade in the Golden Triangle region is a form of transnational crime that has envolved into a non-tradisional security threat in Southeast Asia. This phenomenon is characterized by the cross-border mobility of actors and coomplex trafficking routes, as well as the limited capacitu of states to adress it unilaterally. This condition has necesstated regional cooperation under the ASEAN framework. The research methodology employed emphasizes a qualitative approach utilizing secondary data such as literature, official websites, and reports. The analysis was conducted using international regime theory by tracing the regime formation process through three stages: agenda-setting, institutional selection, and operationalization. The analysis reveals that the dug issue has been framed as a non-traditional security threat and incorporated into ASEAN’s regional security agenda, prompting the development of the Border Cooperation Management framework as a basis for transnational crime coordination. This framework is then operationalized sectorally through the ASEAN Senior Officials on Drug Matters (ASOD).
QRIS dan Fragmentasi Sistem Keuangan Global: Tantangan terhadap Hegemoni Keuangan Amerika Serikat
The global financial system has long been dominated by the United States through the power of the US dollar, institutions such as the World Bank and the IMF, and financial infrastructures like SWIFT and Visa. This dependence creates structural vulnerabilities for developing countries. This article analyses how Indonesia utilises the Quick Response Indonesian Standard (QRIS) as a strategic instrument to strengthen financial sovereignty and reduce reliance on a US-centric global financial system. Employing Susan Strange’s (1988) structural power framework, expanded with insights from Helleiner, Norrlof, and Ostrom, this study explores four dimensions of financial structural power: control over credit, capital, and liquidity; the dominance of trade currency; influence over global financial systems; and the ability to shape financial institutions and rules. The findings demonstrate that QRIS represents Indonesia’s effort to expand financial autonomy, enhance domestic economic resilience, and contribute to the fragmentation and emerging multipolarity of the global financial order. This article explains that QRIS is not merely a technical innovation but a strategic instrument within the broader trend of global financial fragmentation.
The Resilience of Russia's Oil and Gas Exports Against International Sanctions (2022–2023)
Russia faced embargo sanctions from the United States, the European Union and its allies during the Russia-Ukraine War that lasted more than a year. The embargo sanctions were mainly imposed on Russia's oil and gas exports, which provide Russia with its biggest revenue and ensure its military operations in Ukraine. However, the embargo sanctions did not effectively pressure Russia economically to change its military actions in Ukraine. Instead, Russia's oil and gas exports experienced a resilience that continued to ensure its military operations in Ukraine. This article discusses the resilience and relevance of Russia’s oil and gas exports to continuation of Russia's military operations toward Ukraine in February 2022 until October 2023 period. Russia’s military operations to Ukraine has been going more than one year despite the economic embargo sanctions imposed on Russia by the United States, the Europe Union, and their allies. While facing sanctions from the “majority of the world”, Russia's energy and economy is still resilient and ensured the continuity of the military operations. This article examines the dynamics of Russia’s energy export, specifically oil and gas, which have resilience from sanctions and embargoes, also the relevance to fund the military operations. This qualitative article is a contemporary historical study that also uses energy geopolitics approaches from Yu and Dai (2012), and political economy. Sources of data for the analysis of this article were collected from news media, statistical data, and reports of Russian and European petroleum agencies, which revealed that Russia's oil and gas exports fluctuated, making Russia's continuing involvement in the Russia-Ukraine conflict as well as its resilience during the embargo from its political opponents.
Breaking the Chains: Unveiling the Gender Pay Gap through Socialist Feminism and Intersectionality in Aotearoa New Zealand
This essay explores the intricate landscape of the gender pay gap in Aotearoa New Zealand, delving into the complexities through the lenses of socialist feminism and intersectionality. Despite New Zealand's commitment to gender equality since the introduction of the Equal Pay Act in 1972, persistent disparities remain, particularly for Māori and Pacific women. The socialist feminist perspective uncovers the roots of gender-based oppression intertwined with broader class-based inequalities, emphasizing the need for a unified labor movement. Simultaneously, intersectionality reveals that pay gaps are shaped by intersecting identities such as gender, race, and ethnicity. Māori and Pacific women face heightened challenges due to systemic racism and discrimination. To address these issues, policy initiatives are suggested, advocating for an intersectional approach that includes minimum wage increases, universal basic income, childcare support, and enhanced parental leave policies. The essay concludes by emphasizing the importance of recognizing and rectifying in-work poverty and promoting a collective, intersectional approach to achieve full gender parity in Aotearoa New Zealand. Keywords: Gender pay gap, Socialist feminism, Intersectionality, Aotearoa New Zealand, Gender equality policies
Global Market Entry Strategies in K-Pop’s Expansion into Southeast Asia A Comparative Study on SM Entertainment, YG Entertainment, JYP Entertainment, & HYBE
South Korea's leading K-Pop multinational corporations—HYBE, SM, JYP, and YG—have actively pursued international growth, with Southeast Asia emerging as a pivotal market. This research investigates the strategic approaches these companies employ to penetrate the Southeast Asian market, a region characterized by substantial K-pop fandom. Utilizing a qualitative case study design, the analysis draws upon secondary data, including news reports and official corporate publications, to examine the Big Four's global market entry models through several categories, including exports, licensing, alliances or joint ventures, and FDI. The study finds that the Big Four primarily focus on exporting K-pop products to Southeast Asia, capitalizing on its large, loyal fan base. These companies prefer partnership and distribution strategies to enter the Southeast Asian market while reducing risk by avoiding long-term investment through FDI (i.e., establishing subsidiaries, acquiring local companies, or building new business operations in the region). Keywords: market entry strategy, big four agencies, Korean music industry, Southeast Asia.
Dinamika Extraordinary Measures: Pengaruh Narcoterrorist Terhadap Kekuasaan Pemerintah dalam Mengendalikan Keamanan Ekuador 2024
ABSTRACT The escalating actions of narcoterrorist groups have triggered a security crisis in Ecuador. As the highest authority, the government has employed all possible measures to curb the influence of narcoterrorist groups and restore stability. These efforts have been carried out through extraordinary measures as a form of securitization, including military operations aimed at addressing existential threats. However, despite the implementation of such extraordinary measures, the security crisis remains unresolved and persists as a tangible reality. This situation places Ecuador in a position where the dominance of narcoterrorist groups significantly affects the country's dynamics. Based on this phenomenon, this study examines how extraordinary measures in Ecuador have influenced the state’s power dynamics and the narcoterrorist groups' control over security in 2024. The research adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing secondary data such as literature, official websites, and reports. The analysis is grounded in securitization theory, focusing on how the state employs extraordinary measures to confront existential threats. The study aims to provide an understanding of the interaction dynamics between the government and narcoterrorist groups and how securitization is implemented to stabilize Ecuador's security conditions. The findings reveal that the government employs extraordinary measures as a tool of securitization to reclaim its authority from the influence and dominance of narcoterrorist groups. Keywords: Ecuador, Securitization, Extraordinary Measures, Government Authority, Narcoterrorist.
#MeToo in Sweden: A Legal Game-Changer on Sexual Harassment
Sweden is well-known for having the highest levels of gender equality. In reality, Sweden has one of the highest reported incidences of sexual harassment in the European Union. Numerous feminist movements have arisen as a result, with the #MeToo movement and the Harvey Weinstein case being highly well-known in 2017. As one of the social movements, #MeToo aims to accomplish certain objectives. For example, it is now working to change sexual harassment laws in Sweden. This poses the question, how can a social movement such as #MeToo impact a nation's laws to the extent that those laws have impacted? In this essay, we aim to give a broad overview of a social movement that has garnered a lot of support from Swedish society. The approach is qualitative and uses the theory of liberal feminism and social movement in addition to secondary data collection. The study's findings examine a social movement that urged the government to transform the status quo by providing a safe space for women to fight for gender equality. This movement ultimately resulted in the passing of a new law that was a reform that benefited the victims. Keywords: Social Movement; #MeToo; Sexual Harassment; Policy Change; Sweden.
Judi Online di Kamboja dan Indonesia: Kegagalan ASEAN Sebagai Institusi Regional
ABSTRACT Online gambling is rising in Southeast Asian countries and poses a threat to the stability of a nation, both economically and socially, especially in Cambodia and Indonesia. Online gambling, a form of cybercrime that involves empty promises which is prevalent in Cambodia, has negatively impacted Indonesia’s economy and constructed a transnational threat to ASEAN countries. Certain factors cause the rise of this phenomenon, but the high prevalence of online gambling in Indonesia and Cambodia indirectly reflects the mechanization of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) as a regional institution. Even though various efforts and initiatives that ASEAN member countries have made to overcome the rise of online gambling, it can’t be denied that this transnational crime is ongoing between Indonesia and Cambodia. Therefore, this article aims to study how online gambling as a transnational crime can continue despite the presence of institutions such as ASEAN that aim to accommodate mechanisms such as regional cooperation with interdependence as an approach. Through qualitative research methods, this article shows the failure of ASEAN as an institution to achieve interdependence among its members to overcome the issue of online gambling in Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia and Cambodia. Keywords: Transnational Crime; Online Gambling; Indonesia-Cambodia; ASEAN; Interdependence
Colonial America: The Gateway to Barcelona’s Fashion Rise
Barcelona is today recognized as a major fashion capital, with many notable shopping districts playing host to some of the most notable and prestigious fashion brands in the world. The city has witnessed the start and rise of some of the most influential names in the industry and is ranked in the top 5 of the most important fashion capitals on earth. This status is thanks to the success of Barcelona and Catalonia’s cotton and textile industry from the 18th - 20th centuries, which allowed for the city’s fashion scene to flourish and become what it is today. However, it is impossible to talk about this success without mentioning the impact of trade relations between Catalonia and Colonial America. In this article, I wish to elaborate on the history of Catalonia’s textile industry and the impact that trade with Colonial America had on its evolution to allow the region to industrialize at a rapid pace and sustain a burgeoning fashion industry in Barcelona. Keywords: Barcelona fashion industry; Catalan textile industry; Colonial American trade
Absensi Regionalisme di Asia Timur dari Perspektif Jepang
The absence of East Asian regionalism has become a problem along with the increasing political tensions and the competition for military power from the member countries of the region. However, the bright spot for the creation of regionalism is not increasingly emerging and instead Japan, China and Korea choose their respective allies in the uncertainty of this international political contestation. History proves the truth today, that disputing countries will not easily cooperate in the same forum unless assisted by a third party. In this case, ASEAN is a liaison through ASEAN+3 and from Japan's perspective this situation is good. Cooperation between Japan and China, Japan and Korea and a mixture of the three often occurs bilaterally or non-bilaterally through ASEAN. Following the flow of the existing problems, a research question was formulated, "From a Japan perspective, why didn't regionalism have been created in the East Asia region even though a regionalization process had been established?" To help formulate answers in this article the author uses qualitative methods and critical security studies theory. From a Japan perspective, the absence of East Asian regionalism occurs because of the long history experienced by powerful countries in the region. Regionalism is increasingly suppressed in its development because the dynamics of the region are tenuous, tense and tend to experience fluctuations due to social, economic and military struggles, especially nuclear weapons. Keywords: Regionalism; East Asia; Japan; ASEAN+3; History Absensi regionalisme Asia Timur menjadi masalah seiring dengan meningkatnya ketegangan politik dan perlombaan adu kekuatan militer dari negara-negara anggota kawasannya. Hal tersebut menunjukkan kegagalan kohesi kawasan. Titik terang untuk pembuatan regionalisme ini tidak kian muncul dan malahan Jepang, Cina dan Korea Utara memilih sekutunya masing-masing dalam ketidakpastian kontestasi politik internasional ini. Sejarah membuktikan kebenarannya hari ini, bahwa negara yang pernah berselisih tidak akan secara mudah bekerja sama dalam satu wadah mereka sendiri kecuali diikuti bantuan oleh pihak ketiga. Keterlibatan pihak ketiga seperti ASEAN dalam ASEAN+3 membuat kohesi antar negara ini semakin hilang, akibat mereka tidak terkoneksi secara langsung dan independen. ASEAN yang menjadi penghubung melalui ASEAN+3 dianggap baik dari perspektif Jepang. Mengikuti alur permasalahan yang ada, dirumuskan sebuah pertanyaan penelitian, “Dari perspektif Jepang, mengapa tidak tercipta regionalisme di kawasan Asia Timur walaupun telah terjalin proses regionalisasi?.” Untuk membantu perumusan jawaban, dalam artikel ini penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif dan teori konstruktivisme serta konsep dilema keamanan. Dari perspektif Jepang, absensi regionalisme Asia Timur terjadi karena sejarah panjang yang dilalui oleh negara-negara kuat di kawasan tersebut dan itu menciptakan permasalahan identitas yang membedakan Jepang dengan Korea Utara dan juga Cina. Regionalisme semakin melemah karena dinamika kawasan yang renggang, menegang dan fluktuatif. Kata kunci: Regionalisme Asia Timur; Jepang; ASEAN+3; Konstruktivisme; Dilema Keamanan
Peran Tesla Dalam Transisi Mobil Listrik dan Energi Bersih: Analisis Ekologi Politik
Clean energy has become one of the central issues in International Relations as the impacts of climate crisis and environmental degradation become increasingly tangible. The urgency to move away from fossil fuel-based transportation towards electric vehicles is not merely a technological choice, but also part of political dynamics involving multiple actors with competing interests. This study aims to analyze Tesla’s role in the transition to electric vehicles and clean energy in the United States using a political ecology approach, which positions multinational corporations as actors that shape environmental governance. A qualitative instrumental case study design is employed, relying on document studies of government regulations, corporate reports, and academic literature. The findings show that Tesla functions not only as an electric vehicle manufacturer, but also as a form of political pressure contributing to the strengthening of clean energy regulations during Joe Biden’s presidency following regulatory rollbacks under Donald Trump. At the same time, the study reveals critical consequences, particularly regarding the ecological footprint of battery supply chains and the risk of environmental injustice in mineral-producing countries. Political ecology thus helps to demonstrate that the clean energy transition is deeply embedded in power relations and cannot be understood as a neutral, purely technocratic process.
The Significance of Abolishing Foreign Agents Bill in Ensuring Zourabichvili’s Political Survival
The Foreign Agents Bill caused a significant divide between the Georgian government, its civil society, and President Salome Zourabichvili with her European Union (EU) aspirations, due to its controversial nature of alienating the existence of civil society in the country, along with the fact that it is in direct opposition with the twelve point candidacy criteria issued by the EU – thus endangering any future prospects and relations between Georgia and the EU. This paper will analyze the decision-making processes Zourabichvili employed to navigate this considerable challenge to her political survival as a pro-EU leader. Through the lens of poliheuristic theory, this paper explores two critical dimensions encountered in Zourabichvili’s decision-making process – namely the domestic political and strategic dimensions – through an analysis of her political psychology. It highlights the importance of considering national interests during policy formation, as negative reactions can significantly impact a leader’s political survival and the nation’s geopolitical influence. Keywords: Georgia; European Union; Foreign Agents Bill; Poliheuristic Theory; Political Survival
Brexit Towards UK Sustainable Urban Development: Assessing Shifts in EU-UK Resilience Strategies
The departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union, following the Brexit referendum, has had a profound impact on UK policies and strategies across various sectors. This influence is particularly significant in the field of sustainable urban development, which previously relied on substantial EU funding sources. The cessation of significant EU funding pushed the UK to realign its sustainable development strategy. This paper explores the repercussions of Brexit on UK sustainable urban development policies, highlighting the need for new funding strategies and resilience measures. It critically analyzes how the UK is adapting to these changes and evaluates the effectiveness of its post-Brexit strategies in sustaining urban growth. This analysis is conducted within the framework of neoliberal institutionalism, which provides insights into how international organizations like the European Union and the UK government interact in the context of shifting power dynamics and national interests. Keywords: Brexit; Sustainable Urban Development; European Union; United Kingdom; Resilient Cities
Unraveling the Humanitarian Intervention Dilemmas and Failures of the United Nations in “Quo Vadis, Aida?” Film
This journal explores the United Nations' (PBB) intervention in the conflict between Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia, with a particular focus on the tragic events depicted in the film "Quo Vadis, Aida?" The study delves into the challenges faced by the UN, an actor well-known for their conflict resolution since World War, but it is relatively new in finding resolutions in terms of conflict between ethnicity, and its attempts to balance humanitarian and military interests. Despite initial efforts created by the UN, the actions were deemed as failures as the pinnacle of the conflict is Srebenica Genocide. Through this research, the author aims to find the factors behind the failed efforts in peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Keywords: Srebrenica Genocide; The United Nations; Humanitarian Intervention.
Erosi Demokrasi: Memikirkan Ulang Keberadaan Oligarki dalam Melorotnya Perwujudan Demokrasi di Kolombia Pasca-Perang Saudara hingga 2022
Nowadays, the democratization process is often hampered not by power struggles, but by the presence of 'invisible hands' (certain organizations, elites, and groups) that penetrate the government structure and disrupt the circulation of democratization in a country. This case occurred in the Colombian government, where there is a specific pattern of nonstate social order - companies, political elites, mafia, and so on - that influences the government structure of a country, and plays the role of power behind the official government. This causes an issue that affects the lives of the Colombian people and government, namely the existence of mafia elites who infiltrate various aspects of society, including the law and government of Colombia itself. The research method used is qualitative descriptive based on data collection through books, journals, articles, and other reliable sources. This paper aims to explain how the presence of mafia elites in Colombia affects the country's democracy and civil society life using Robert Michels' Iron Law of Oligarchy theory. The results of the study show that the existence of drug cartels uses power to make unilateral decisions by taking actions that ignore the official government and the voices of civil society, the dominance of elites and criminals by launching violence and repression for their own interests, and the apathy of the Colombian people towards the existing government system, seen from their indifference to the leaders elected during the election. Keywords: democracy, elite, oligarchy, iron law of oligarchy, mafia, Colombia
The Development of the Indonesian Football Industry and its influence Towards National Reputation
The Indonesian football industry has undergone significant transformation and growth over the years, making it a noteworthy aspect of the nation's cultural and economic landscape. This paper explores the dynamic development of the Indonesian football industry and its profound influence on the country's national reputation. It delves into the historical roots of football in Indonesia, tracing its evolution from a grassroots movement to a professional and commercialized sport. The analysis covers various facets of the football industry, including club competitions, player development, infrastructure investment, and fan engagement. Moreover, it examines how football has become a powerful soft power tool for Indonesia, enhancing its global image and fostering international diplomatic relations. The study underscores the multifaceted impact of the Indonesian football industry on national identity, pride, and diplomacy, illustrating its role as a pivotal driver of the country's reputation on the global stage. Keywords: Football, Indonesia, Nation, Reputation, Image
Persepsi Ancaman dan Respons Amerika Serikat di Arktik terhadap Polar Silk Road
Tiongkok membentuk kebijakan Polar Silk Road (PSR) di tahun 2018. PSR dimaksudkan untuk mendorong pembangunan ekonomi positif antara Tiongkok dan negara-negara kawasan Arktik. Meskipun begitu, eksistensi PSR tetap dipandang sebagai ancaman untuk Amerika Serikat (AS) karena Tiongkok juga memiliki hubungan kooperatif dengan Rusia di kawasan Arktik. Keadaan tersebut mengakibatkan AS menghadapi dua ancaman: (1) persaingan ekonomi AS-Tiongkok; dan (2) kerja sama militer Tiongkok-Rusia. Dengan demikian, artikel ilmiah ini berupaya untuk menganalisis secara mendalam terkait persepsi ancaman AS atas eksistensi PSR, bagaimana ancaman tersebut mendorong respons dan tindakan AS di Arktik, beserta implikasinya terhadap stabilitas kawasan. Penggunaan kerangka teori power transition dipilih untuk menjelaskan respons AS terhadap PSR melalui tiga indikator: (1) ancaman dan dilema keamanan; (2) perimbangan kekuatan; serta (3) perdamaian dan perang. Power transition menjelaskan terkait eksistensi ancaman yang mendorong AS untuk melakukan perimbangan kekuatan melalui respons-responsnya seperti memberikan donor ekonomi dan penguatan aliansi di kawasan. Teori ini juga menekankan pentingnya tingkat perimbangan kekuatan yang diberikan AS, karena bentuk perimbangan dalam tingkat ekstrem akan menyebabkan eskalasi militer dan instabilitas kawasan. Maka dari itu, berdasarkan teori power transition, langkah paling strategis yang dapat diimplementasikan AS adalah dengan melakukan perimbangan kekuatan dalam tingkat rendah sehingga stabilitas Arktik tetap terjaga. Kata kunci: Polar Silk Road, Arktik, Rivalitas AS-Tiongkok-Rusia, Transisi Kekuatan China established the Polar Silk Road (PSR) policy in 2018. The PSR aims to build positive economic developments between China and the Arctic states. Nonetheless, China’s involvement in the PSR is still perceived as a strategic threat by the United States (the U.S.), due to China’s cooperative relationship with Russia in the Arctic. This leaves the U.S. facing two threats: (1) US-China economic competition; (2) China-Russia military cooperation. Consequently, this article aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the U.S. threat perceptions regarding China’s PSR, how these threats drive the U.S. responses and actions in the Arctic, along with the implications for regional stability. Power transition theory is used to explain the U.S. response to the PSR through three indicators: (1) threats and security dilemma; (2) balance of power; and (3) peace and war. Power transition explains the existence of threats that drive the U.S. to pursue a balance of power through its responses, such as providing economic aid and strengthening alliances in the region. This theory also emphasizes the importance of the U.S. maintaining a balanced power level, as an extreme form of balance may result in military escalation and regional instability. Therefore, according to power transition theory, the most strategic measure that the U.S. can implement is to maintain a low level of balance of power in order to ensure Arctic stability. Keywords: Polar Silk Road, Arctic, The US-China-Russia Rivalry, Power Transition
Penerapan Model State Capitalism sebagai Strategi Pembangunan Ekonomi Singapura
Since its independence, Singapore has transformed from a developing country into one of the most economically developed ones by implementing state capitalism. State capitalism adopts liberalism and mercantilism to intensify the supervision of government in the midst of economic liberalization. This intrigues further question in regards how Singapore is able to find the common ground between state and business actors' interest through the creation of State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and how the government execute its involvement, this article focuses on the implementation of state capitalism and its impacts on the companies and vital industries’ development. This article analyses the implementation of state capitalism in three periods: pre state capitalism, after independence, and after crisis (1998-2022) Keywords: state capitalism; State Owned Enterprises; Government Linked Companies
Reevaluating the Effectiveness of Peacekeeping and SDG 16 in Africa: Challenges in Combating Ethnic Conflict
After almost 10 years into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the African continent remains left behind in many points of the SDG, including SDG 16 “Peace, Justice, and Strong Institution”. Many of the world’s current issues of armed conflict and territorial disputes still reside in the continent. While many new factors of armed conflict surfaced throughout the decade, a dominant issue remains a big hurdle in bringing peace to Africa, ethnic conflict. In order to solve ethnic conflicts, international efforts of peacekeeping become one of the most used strategies in the hopes to combat these issues. As of 2023, 6 out of the 12 ongoing global United Nations peacekeeping operations still reside in Africa. However, the issue of ethnic conflict remains prevalent and peacekeeping seems to be ineffective in de-escalating it. Using peacekeeping as third-party mediation theory by A.B. Fetherston, this article identifies that whilst UN Peacekeeping is relatively successful in conflict control, it still struggles with resolution processes which prevents long-term peace and resolution to take place. This article also identifies the lack of UN Peacekeeping capability in addressing local conflicts and the complexities of ethnic based-conflict, as well biases in peacekeeping operations contribute to effectiveness. This article also urges the need for greater communication between UN Peacekeeping and local actors, and regional bodies, as well as a more comprehensive training for peacekeeping in handling ethnic conflict. Key Words: ethnic conflict, SDG 16, peacekeeping, Africa
(De)Constructing Ideas of Security: Discovering an Alternative to the European Union External Border Control
The 'immigration crisis' of 2015, as well as the increasing reluctance of European Union (EU) countries, such as Poland to accept asylum seekers, has been a prominent topic of discussion in recent years. Numerous migrants were compelled to undertake a perilous expedition and perish at the threshold of Europe in a bid to flee hazardous conflicts in their countries of origin. This issue has raised doubts about the EU's commitment to maintaining its foundational humanitarian principles, as outlined in Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union. By employing a qualitative research methodology and (Just) Securitisation Theory–which falls under the paradigm of social constructivism–as an analytical tool, the author focuses on the legal aspect and the practical methods safeguarding external borders of the EU, namely the European Union Naval Force Mediterranean (EUNAVFOR MED), as a response to the increase of migration. Given this basis, this study concurs that: 1) the EU strategy to migration management has not adopted a comprehensive security approach, which results in the neglection of the safety of asylum seekers; 2) EU law instruments regarding migration curtails the free movement of people, and thus is discriminatory towards asylum seekers; 3) EUNAVFOR MED is insufficient in ensuring the security of migrants, and yet its securitising moves are disproportionate to the threat in the region. Keywords: European Union, Border Control, Securitisation, Just Securitisation Theory, EUNAVFOR MED
China on Preserving Energy Resilience: An Analysis of China’s Carbon Market System
The urgency of energy transition continuously presents itself in various conditions and situations. Within this article, the background used to visualize the problem is of how the energy transition could be achieved whilst still preserving energy resilience. The way to do so is through the implementation of an accurate and effective carbon market system. China, as one of the biggest contributors of energy and carbon emissions, has the urgency to implement said system. This article tries to analyze using the method of qualitative research through the carbon market effectivity—particularly within China's Carbon Market System—that is purposefully one of the most significant efforts to urge energy transition, the issues that are disruptive and harmful towards the projection of results are analyzed. This article seeks to find the core problem and reasonings behind the ineffectiveness of China’s carbon market. Keywords: Energy transition, energy resilience, carbon market, China, foreign affairs
Cultural Fusion: The Impact of K-Pop on the Indonesian Perspectives and Identities
The growth of the South Korean entertainment sector, particularly K-Pop, has had a big influence on Indonesian identity and worldview. With its distinctive dance, music, fashion, and fan culture, K-Pop has shaped Indonesia's younger generation and allowed for a shift in cultural preferences and ways of thinking. The purpose of this research is to examine how K-Pop has influenced Indonesian identities and viewpoints. This study clarifies how Indonesians' perceptions of music, fashion, and other popular culture have been impacted by K-Pop's widespread appeal. The diversity of music and fashion styles in Indonesia is also enhanced and broadened by the influence of K-Pop. But there has also been some discussion over how K-Pop has influenced Indonesian identity. According to certain viewpoints, K-Pop's influence may change local preferences and threaten Indonesia's cultural identity. On the other hand, some perspectives see K-Pop's influence as a type of cultural globalization that can deepen and expand knowledge and appreciation of South Korean culture. Keyword: K-Pop, Perspectives and Identities, Culture
The Hard Power Limitation: The Failure of Russia to Bring Back the Great Power Status
This journal provides a comprehensive examination of the evolving dynamics surrounding Russia's rise in global power and the challenges it encounters in aligning with Vladimir Putin's vision. By using the Smart Power concept, which uses military power and diplomacy to achieve goals on the international stage, it is known as "Smart power". We examine how Russia has become more dominant in the military, economic and energy sectors over the past 20 years. However, Russia's influence is not as great as expected despite progress. Russia’s strong military capabilities could neither create fear of the enemy nor form friendship as it should. In addition, this country's economy does not get the full benefits of alliances with other countries. Furthermore, Russia finds it difficultto build trust with other countries because Russia tendsto use violence ratherthan discussions disguised in diplomacy. This analysis reveals a complex picture of Russia's future, highlighting the need to bridge the gap between hard and soft power in order to have a more unified and influential presence in the international stage. Keywords: Russia, Hard Power, Soft Power, Military, Economy, Diplomacy
Meninjau Keuntungan dan Tantangan Indonesia Selaku Ketua ASEAN Summit 2023 atas Kerja Sama IMT-GT dalam Kaitan BRI (Belt and Road Initiative)
IMT and BRI is international collaboration that aim to improve the economic growth and connectivity. The background of this study to review opportunity and challenge Indonesia as a corporation country with IMT-GT and BRI, also its position as ASEAN Summit Leader 2023. Globalization crate corporation and dependency between countries increasingly unavoidable, so this openness give the opportunity and challenge to country and organization. Establish the BRI Program make a challenge to ASEAN direct or according IMT-GT corporation as a collaboration three country of ASEAN. China as one economic hegemony of the world now according BRI program give the impact to capacity and connectivity area. The purpose of this study to review impact BRI police to IMT-GT corporation which have chance to improve accessibility area to economic growth according goal of IMT-GT. But BRI position also can make the challenge to IMT-GT like dependency to China as also possible make big impact to quality IMT-GT corporation. This study using qualitative analysis method with secondary data. The study shows BRI possible give impact to ASEAN country relation, dependency to China, and capacity connectivity ASEAN area. Keywords: IMT-GT; BRI; Efektivitas Kawasan; Connectivity
Pengaruh Atribut Nasional terhadap Kebijakan Cina Bersengketa dengan Jepang di Kepulauan Diaoyu/Senkaku
The dispute between China and Japan over administrative control of Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands raises a question about the intention of China with its confrontative foreign policy. China's foreign policy is often difficult to understand clearly largely because of its ambiguity in determining the appropriate instruments to fight for its interests. China's foreign policy in regards to its dispute with Japan over Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands should not have been implemented because of China's membership and ratification of UNCLOS back in 1996. By using the qualitative method along with the National Attribute theory by Valerie Hudson, it was found that China's confrontative foreign policy was based of the fact that China has an advantage on the aspects of its national attribute, mainly on its natural resources, economic and military capabilities. Keywords: Diaoyu; Senkaku; Cina; Jepang; Atribut Nasional
Keketuaan ASEAN dan Potensi Diplomasi Indonesia dalam Penyelesaian Konflik di Myanmar
As the highest decision holder of ASEAN for the next year, Indonesia must be able to address challenges in the region, including the Myanmar conflict that still heating up. The five consensus agreed by ASEAN in 2021 as a peaceful effort in Myanmar, still seem weak to sustain peace. Similar conditions were also experienced by Indonesia in 1976-2005, namely the conflict between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and Indonesia which was successfully reconciled through the Helsinki MoU agreement initiated by Vice President Jusuf Kalla and mediated by Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari, representatives of the European Union and ASEAN members. This article aims to explain how Indonesia can utilize its diplomatic potential in facilitating peace for Myanmar in the era of its chairmanship of ASEAN, by reflecting on Indonesia's success in the conflict between GAM and Indonesia. This article uses the literature research method by using journal articles, reports, government legislation and international organizations that have been published through their official websites. The findings presented by the author are that Indonesia should be able to take advantage of its position as chair of ASEAN by optimizing diplomacy through the widest possible dialogue in resolving the Myanmar conflict, as happened in Aceh. Keywords: ASEAN; Indonesia; Myanmar; Consensus; Diplomacy
Peluang Indonesia sebagai Ketua ASEAN Tahun 2023 dalam Mempromosikan Penggunaan Local Currency Settlement dan QR Code Lintas Batas terkait Transaksi Perdagangan di Asia Tenggara
This research aims to explain that Indonesia plays an important role in promoting the use of Local Currency Settlement and Cross-Border QR Code while holding the ASEAN chairmanship position in 2023. Local Currency Settlement functions to settle bilateral transactions between countries in one Southeast Asian region using the currencies of each of these countries. The presence of the LCS was motivated by high global inflation due to geopolitical tensions and rising US Dollar interest rates, so that this situation became an opportunity for ASEAN member countries to use local currencies. The purpose of this research is to analyze the efficiency of the LCS as a method of trade transactions in the Southeast Asia region in strengthening economic integration and reducing dependence on the US Dollar. Even the LCS is the main instrument that has the impact of strengthening currency stability in the Southeast Asian countries themselves, making export-import activities easier for each other, and creating ease in the process of foreign capital inflows into the region. In addition, Indonesia also bears more responsibility in dealing with obstacles to the promotion and use of the Cross-border QR Code as a technology that will facilitate local currency transactions for ASEAN, which is expected to be carried out properly through the systems and strategies that have been designed. In this research using qualitative analysis methods, as well as the theory of integration of economic areas according to Van Niekerk related to Indonesia's role in promoting the efficiency of LCS and Cross-border QR Code in ASEAN. This research concludes that Indonesia invites every ASEAN member to use this LCS, because it will create conditions in accordance with the theme of the 2023 ASEAN Summit, where Southeast Asia has the potential to become the epicentrum of regional economic growth from now on into the future. Keywords: ASEAN; digital economy; Indonesia; Local Currency Settlement; cross-border QR Code
Motivasi dan Apropriasi Taktik: Studi Kasus Kelompok Abu Sayyaf di Filipina
Terrorism, like other forms of criminal activities, undergoes continual adaptation in response to societal changes and the passage of time. Recent studies have begun to explore the evolving nature of criminal activities conducted by terrorist groups that concurrently function as multinational crime syndicates, often referred to as ‘crime-terrorism.’ In this particular study applied the crime-terrorism framework by Rollins and Wyler, with a specific focus on the Abu Sayyaf Group as the subject of analysis. This paper delves into the Abu Sayyaf Group's motivation for transitioning into a crime-terrorist organization and examines the tactics employed by the group in carrying out their operations. Utilizing a qualitative research methodology aligned with the principles established by John W. Creswell, this study elucidates two significant findings: (1) the Abu Sayyaf Group's motivation for engaging in organized crime is primarily driven by the need to sustain its operations and support its members' livelihoods since the external funding sources is disrupted; and (2) the tactics practiced by the Abu Sayyaf Group include bomb attacks, kidnappings, extortion, and the provision of security for illicit activities such as the cultivation and trade of illegal cannabis. Keywords: Abu Sayyaf Group; Terrorism; Transnational Crime; Crime-Terrorism
Peace Education Programme in Kenya and UNICEF’s Reinforcement
As a region prone to conflict, an Introduction to peace is mainly essential for Kenya. The government projects that education can build a peaceful Kenya. As a result, the government is allocating an amount of budget to improve education in Kenya especially in eradicating violence and maintaining peace – especially, post-election violence and sexual abuse. The government has also adopted a UNICEF program, the Peace Education Program (PEP). The government's ambition is limited to designing a system that is only effective in some areas. Therefore, UNICEF complements the government’s effort to carry out policies of a peaceful education system and conduct action research. The efforts coming from the cooperation between UNICEF and the Kenyan government will also be adjusted to the Neoliberal institutionalism theory. This theory is essential to adjust the role of UNICEF in empowering and assisting the Kenyan government while Kenya still upholds its own interests. This paper will mainly focus on the research of the Peace Education Program in Kenya and how UNICEF assist and support its implementation. Keywords: Peace Education Program (PEP);Kenya; Children; UNICEF