Jurnal RISA (Riset Arsitektur) is an open access journal that is a double blind peer-reviewed published regularly three times a year (April, August, and December) by Faculty of Engineering, Parahyangan Catholic University. Jurnal RISA welcomes research and review articles in both Bahasa Indonesia and English on the following topics: (1) History, Theory, and Philosophy of Architecture; (2) Housing and Settlement; (3) Architecture and Urban Design; and (4) Building Technology and Management. Online ISSN : 2548-8074 Distribution : Open Access Frequency : 3 (three) issue per year (April, August, and December) DOI : 10.26593/risa Country : Indonesia Submit Manuscript Now! Indexed by
Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan
The Relation Between Window-To-Floor Ratio and Lux Values of Natural Lighting in Residential Houses
Rapid population growth and increasing urban density have resulted in many residential houses experiencing inadequate natural lighting. One contributing factor to this condition is the disproportionate size of window openings relative to the interior floor area. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the Window-to-Floor Ratio (WFR) and natural daylight levels in residential buildings. The research employs an experimental approach consisting of two stages: (1) reviewing existing WFR standards in Southeast Asia and Indonesia, and (2) testing their applicability using Dialux lighting simulations to determine the WFR percentage capable of achieving optimal illuminance levels in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for residential lighting. The case study focuses on a two-storey residential house located in Banjarmasin. The results indicate a clear correlation between WFR percentage and indoor illuminance levels. The study identifies that the optimal WFR value meeting SNI requirements is a maximum of 23%. Nevertheless, the practical application of this ratio should be supported by additional considerations, particularly the orientation of window openings, to ensure more accurate and context-sensitive natural lighting performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal RISA (Riset Arsitektur) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficiency of Intensive Care Space in Class C Hospitals through IPD: Case Studies of RS JIH Purwokerto and RSA UII
The spatial organization of intensive care units (ICUs) in hospitals plays a crucial role in supporting the effectiveness of medical services, infection control, and patient comfort. This study aims to evaluate the spatial adequacy and configuration of intensive care spaces at RS JIH Purwokerto in accordance with national standards (Ministry of Health Regulation No. 40 of 2022) and to draw insights from RSA UII Yogyakarta as a comparative case. A qualitative–descriptive approach was employed, incorporating spatial analysis and document review, supported by technical plan visualizations and comparative matrices. The findings indicate that although most units meet the minimum area requirements, there remains room for improvement in spatial efficiency, sterile–non-sterile zoning, and integration of supporting facilities. The analysis also highlights the relevance of applying the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) approach as a collaborative strategy to enhance design efficiency through interdisciplinary coordination, the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM), and early user involvement during the design process. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of spatial evaluation with the IPD framework within the context of Class C hospitals in Indonesia. These findings contribute to the development of efficient, adaptive, and collaborative design strategies for mid-sized healthcare facilities.
Comparative Evaluation of Hospital Inpatient Room Design against Regulations and Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Principles
This study conducts a comparative evaluation of the inpatient room design in JIH Hospital Purwokerto and the Universitas Islam Indonesia Hospital (RSA UII) Yogyakarta in relation to the technical standards stipulated in the Decree of the Minister of Health Number HK.01.07/MENKES/1122/2022 on Technical Standards for Hospital Inpatient Rooms and the principles of Integrated Project Delivery (IPD). The study focuses on three central issues: the inadequacy of inpatient room dimensions, potential risks to patient safety and the limited interdisciplinary coordination during the design process. A comparative qualitative method was employed, combining direct observation, architectural document analysis, and regulatory review. The findings indicate that the inpatient rooms at JIH Hospital Purwokerto do not meet the minimum spatial requirements and exhibit suboptimal evacuation patterns, which may affect patient safety. In contrast, RSA UII demonstrates greater conformity to dimensional standards and better functional integration. The study also identifies that the absence of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the design process contributes to reduced coordination among design professionals. Based on these findings, the study recommends design improvements that include meeting minimum spatial standards, separating clean and dirty zones, optimizing cross ventilation, and strengthening collaborative planning grounded in IPD principles and supported by BIM technology.
Water As a Medium to Reduce the Room Temperature on the Roster
Climate change and rising air temperatures in Surabaya require the implementation of building design strategies to maintain thermal comfort passively and sustainably. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of water as a cooling medium in a passive ventilation system based on clay rosters, with the theory of evaporative cooling and the thermal behavior of porous materials. The research method uses a quantitative experimental approach that refers to the concept of natural heat and moisture exchange in tropical building ventilation systems. Two conditions were tested, namely dry rosters and rosters flowed with water, to compare their thermal response to environmental temperature. The rosters were made of porous clay that functions as a natural evaporative medium, with a bottom-to-top water flow system circulated using a small pump. Temperature measurements were taken at certain time intervals using a digital thermometer. The test results show the roster system with water elements significantly reduce room temperature through the mechanism of water evaporation that absorbs heat from the surrounding air. The integration of the concepts of natural ventilation, evaporation, and porous materials such as rosters shows great potential as an effective, energy-efficient, and applicable architectural solution to improve the thermal comfort of tropical buildings.
Safety and Comfort of Environmental Settings for The Elderly in Semampir Utara Settlement, Surabaya
East Java has the largest elderly population in the country. This presents a challenge, requiring special treatment, particularly in terms of environmental comfort and safety. One factor influencing a settlement is the development of road infrastructure in Surabaya, which has impacted surrounding settlements, such as the Semampir Utara Settlement. This settlement is a modest slum, so the quality of the environmental setting needs to be questioned, especially in terms of accommodating elderly activities. This study aims to identify comfort and security factors as one aspect of the quality of the environmental setting in accommodating elderly activities in the settlement. This study is a qualitative study using a snowball sampling method reinforced by triangulation to combine various sources of information from elderly people, families, and surrounding community groups to ensure consistent perspectives on environmental quality and elderly activities. Thematic analysis was used in this study to identify several factors related to comfort and security in elderly activity patterns, namely memory, social support, passive interaction, and noise.
Interior Accessibility of the Sang Nila Utama Museum in the Framework of Universal Design and Spatial Experience
Most museums in Indonesia have not fully implemented universal accessibility principles, resulting in spatial experiences that are not yet inclusive for persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups. Sang Nila Utama Museum in Pekanbaru, a type C museum representing Riau Malay culture, illustrates the gap between educational aspirations and the reality of accessibility. This study aims to evaluate the application of Universal Design principles and interpret visitors’ spatial experiences through multisensory and phenomenological perspectives. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed through reflective observation and visual documentation in the field. Accessibility was analyzed using the Seven Principles of Universal Design, while sensory experience was interpreted using a phenomenological framework. The findings show that physical facilities such as ramps, toilets, signage, and circulation paths do not meet minimum accessibility standards. Spatial experience remains predominantly visual, with limited tactile, auditory, and olfactory engagement. These findings highlight a significant gap between accessibility regulations and the actual experiences of visitors in regional museums. Museum inclusivity depends not only on physical access but also on sensory justice and equitable spatial experience. This study offers an integrated model combining Universal Design and multisensory phenomenology as a reference for improving the interior design of regional museums in Indonesia.
FUSION OF THE ART DECO AND INTERNATIONAL STYLE ARCHITECTURE OF GAIA HOTEL BANDUNG AND PADMA HOTEL
Abstract - Modernization gradually leads to the development of modern architecture, leaving local architecture behind. Consequently, modern architecture begins to overshadow the existence of Indonesian local architecture. Thus, there’s an urgent need for a fusion of the local and modern elements in architecture.Notably, through observation, the distinctive Art Deco context is a strong character in Bandung. Moreover, Bandung is ranked 9th in the City Of Art Deco in The World. During the modern architecture era, international style was developed as one of the architectural styles. This style has been appreciated and favored by the public up to this day because it is considered to follow the development of the industry and technology while remaining functional. This research method is descriptive qualitative and analytical methods. The first step is to identify the building designs, followed by identifying the Art Deco and international style characteristics in the buildings and the fusion. Theoretically and practically, this research is expected to provide additional insights for both the author and readers regarding Bandung's Art Deco heritage, thereby contributing to the field of architectural knowledge In general, the result reveals that both hotels exhibit Art Deco and international style features in their designs. In terms of percentage, The Gaia Hotel Bandung has a dominance of 46.7% classified as Modern Art Deco. Meanwhile, Padma Hotel Bandung has a percentage of 47.02% classified as Modern Art Deco. It can be observed that Padma Hotel has a higher Art Deco percentage. Keywords: fusion, art deco, international style, dominance
Copyright (c) 2025 Bianca Grasilla Hartono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
RELATION OF MATERIAL EXPRESSION TO VISITOR PREFERENCES AT ARAH KOPI SUKAJADI BANDUNG
Abstract - Cafes have become popular places for many people to relax, work, or simply enjoy a cup of coffee. Visitors often have a tendency to choose spaces that suit their preferences and needs. One of the factors that influence visitors' decisions in choosing space in a café is the purpose of their visit or the atmosphere created in it which can affect visitor preferences. Arah Kopi Sukajadi Bandung has an architectural design that uses various materials in various spaces. This unique feature prompted research to investigate how the expression of these materials affects the perception and overall experience of visitors at the Arah Kopi Sukajadi Bandung café. The study also considered the tactile aspects of the materials used in the designated space. With the variety of spatial atmospheres created, uploading researchers to understand how material expression relates to visitor preferences in choosing a sitting area to use. It was concluded that basically the material that is very influential in creating a comfortable atmosphere in a café consists of natural materials, such as wood, rocks, to the surface of grass and water. This surface tends to be chosen because it has a perception that reminds humans of the natural environment and creates a calm, cool, and cool perception. In addition, material expression has a relationship with visitor preferences in choosing a sitting area to use during their activities in the Sukajadi Coffee Direction because material expression is one of the important factors in creating a comfortable atmosphere in a space in a café and is something that humans are able to feel directly which is influenced by visual and tactile sensory stimuli to create good perception. Keywords: material expression, perception, sensory system, atmosphere of space, café
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Farhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
ADHOCISM IN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARCHITECTURE COMPETITION CONCEPTS AND AS-BUILT BUILDINGS, CASE STUDY ON 3 COMPETITIONS
Abstract - Not all design concepts from architectural competitions are in accordance with the final results of the buildings being built. In this context, the theory of adhocism becomes relevant as an approach to understanding the changes and improvisations that occur in the process after the competition is over. This study aims to identify improvisation or change based on the Adhocism teory. The research method uses a qualitative descriptive method on 3 research objects. Data was collected through interviews with winners, and analysis regarding differences in contest bids and final results. Of the 3 study objects discussed, the design realization shows a significant difference. The design change factor in the realization of the building is due to design personalization or differences in design preferences between the project owner and the jury. case, has a tendency to occur the principle of "Re-personalizing subsystem," and "High Adhocism". Changes to the design of the contest evoked responses for a simple reason (High Adhocism), namely because the project owner has different preferences or tastes from the jury (Re-personalizing subsystem). This shows that there is a dynamic that occurs after judging, where the project owner has the freedom to influence the final outcome based on personal preferences. Keywords: adhocism, architecture competition, built architecture competition
Copyright (c) 2025 Chris William Oscar Windoro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
THE STUDY OF RELATIONS BETWEEN MAJAPAHIT ARCHITECTURE WITH THE ARCHITECTURE OF SURAKARTA AND YOGYAKARTA PALACE IDENTIFIED BY SPATIAL ORDERS, FORMS, ORNAMENTATION, AND TECTONICS
Abstract - The Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms emerged in Indonesia due to trade relations with other countries such as India, China, and the Middle East. One of the largest Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms with a vast territory covering the Nusantara region was the Majapahit Kingdom. Centered in East Java, this kingdom had a significant influence on the development of architecture in Indonesia, especially in Java, which was the center of governance at that time. One of the factors that led to the downfall of the Majapahit Kingdom was the phenomenon of Islamization. This led to the rapid growth of Islamic kingdoms on the island of Java. One prominent Islamic kingdom during that period was the Mataram Sultanate. The palaces established during the Mataram Sultanate included Keraton Kutagede, Kerta, Plered, Kartasura, and Surakarta Hadiningrat. In 1755, the Mataram Sultanate split due to power struggles, resulting in the establishment of the Surakarta Hadiningrat Sunanate and the Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Sultanate. As a result, the Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Palace was built in 1755. This research employs a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The research data was obtained from literature studies, field observations, and interviews with experts. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between Majapahit architecture and the palace buildings in Surakarta and Yogyakarta in terms of spatial order, form, ornamentation, and tectonics. Although the establishment of the Surakarta and Yogyakarta palaces occurred long after the Majapahit Kingdom, it is expected that Majapahit architecture had an influence on the architecture of the Surakarta and Yogyakarta palaces. However, it is possible that certain elements of Majapahit architecture have been lost over time due to cultural assimilation and adaptation to Islam. The analysis is conducted in a comparative manner and presented in the form of tables with accompanying explanations. From the comparative analysis, it is indeed evident that there are influence of Majapahit architecture on the palaces of Surakarta and Yogyakarta, which can be observed in terms of spatial order, form, ornamentation, and tectonics. The conclusion drawn from this research is that there is continuity and cultural acculturation between Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic cultures, which has influenced the design of the Surakarta and Yogyakarta palaces to this day. Keywords: Majapahit Architecture, Surakarta Palace, Yogyakarta Palace, Spatial Orders, Shapes, Ornamentation, Tectonics
Copyright (c) 2025 Ethan Stein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
THE INFLUENCE OF RED COLORS AND TEXTURES ON ADAPTIVE THERMAL PERCEPTION
Abstract - Buildings are designed to accommodate activities and protect users from the surrounding environment climate. Thermal comfort is adaptively influenced by physical conditions and human thermal perception. Adaptivity is defined as the capacity or ability of the building to maintain its comfort by responding to changes. Adaptivity is not only seen from the physical conditions alone, but also from the thermal perception associated with human physiology and psychology. Thermal perception can be explored through changes in color and texture accordingly. The purpose of this research is to find out the most effective red color and material texture for the design of learning spaces, so that it can be applied to other architectural designs. The research used an experimental method with a quantitative approach through a Virtual Reality test model. The test model is in the form of a Parahyangan Catholic University Architecture studio room that is adaptively developed in the fields of walls, floors, and ceilings based on color and texture theory. Data collection of thermal perception in the form of thermal judgment and thermal sensation is done using a questionnaire validated by a sweat content test kit. The data were then processed using the ANOVA statistical method to determine the correlation relationship that occurs based on the theory of thermal perception. This study shows that thermal perception is formed by thermal sensation and thermal judgment. Both have a strong relationship with an inverse linear direction. Virtual Reality simulation with a red color model supported by wood texture is stated to have the most influence on the thermal perception of respondents. Keywords: thermal perception, penliatai, thermal judgment, studio space
Copyright (c) 2025 Vania Angeline Hardiyani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
THE INFLUENCE OF SPACE DESIGN ON AIRFLOW CONDITIONS IN EFFORT FOR PRESERVATION OF FINE WORKS OF ART AT THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF INDONESIA
Abstract - Preservation efforts can be done through active or passive mechanisms to safeguard and preserve. The existence of the environment in the gallery space, which includes features of humidity, temperature, and airflow, has a great influence on the preservation factor for works of art, where this matter influences the sustainability of the existence of works of art that are stored. Fine arts museums in Indonesia are frequently found to be lax in their efforts to conserve what should have become normal practice, perhaps causing damage to existing pieces of art. This study employs quantitative and experimental methods, including Autodesk CFD simulation trials that generate a description of the existing condition of the study object and its relationship to the influence of work of art preservation, as well as simulation trials of the influence of existing design developments that are aligned and compared with work preservation theory guidelines. art. Field observations and literature searches were used to acquire data. Data are organized according to research variables, which include features of artwork preservation in museum settings, humidity-temperature-air flow, artwork preservation support systems, and space design development. The analytical technique employs distribution simulation in conjunction with the idea of guidelines for the preservation of works of art, as well as simulations for optimizing the design of interstitial spaces, which aid research in developing scope for better preservation. The research found that the performance of the design of the layout of the museum space might influence the existence of the gallery space's climatic conditions, which affect aspects of preservation efforts and the condition of the works of art in it. The architecture of the museum's spatial organization must be able to prevent as much of the impact of the external climate as possible and establish stable indoor circumstances so that climate changes do not occur, undermining efforts to preserve pieces of art. It was discovered that the optimum design of the implementation of the interstitial space or airlock can be a solution to the preservation effort problem, and has been shown to be capable of producing climatic conditions in interior spaces or structures that tend to fall and are in a constant or stable state. The overall implementation of the inter-room design can reduce the presence of airflow by 99.54% and the temperature by 2.04 'C, decrease airflow and temperature from the outer enclosure to the airlock lobby by -83.67% and -4.62%, internal airlock space by -98.26% and -5.25%, and museum space by -99.54% and -5.79% Keywords: Preservation, works of art, humidity, temperature, airflow, spatial, arrangement, constant
Copyright (c) 2025 Bartholomeus Hendrico https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
EVALUATION OF POS BLOC JAKARTA BUILDING ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION
Abstract -Jakarta has many historical buildings that become cultural heritage, one of them is the Jakarta Bloc Post Building.The Post Bloc Jakarta Building as a class A cultural heritage building is currently experiencing a significant change in function , therefore it needs to be further investigated how the impact of the current transition of function on the preservation of its architecture in terms of aspects of form and construction. This study utilizes a descriptive analysis - evaluative methodology. The construction aspect of the Pos Bloc Jakarta building involving alterations in its present function has maintained its authenticity, whereas the form aspect has undergone several modifications. Through the replacement of doors and windows on the facade and the addition of extensions to the right wing mass, significant changes have been made to the building's mass and facade. As an adaptation to present functions, the building's form has also changed significantly, with retail space added to the main hall, the layout of the right and left wing masses changed, as well as various door and window features. According to the findings of these adjustments, which were analyzed using the conservatory guidelines, some significant changes to the architectural components of doors, windows on the facade, and internal space were not permitted under the preservation law. The evaluation results have suggested preservation actions on aspects of shape and construction that still retain their original characteristics.Reconstruction actions of doors and windows on the facade to restore the original character and characteristics of the building facade. Adaptation action on building interior as a form of adjustment to its current function. Keywords : Conservation , Form , Function , Construction , Pos bloc Jakarta
Copyright (c) 2025 Jose Padraic Harianto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
ARCHITECTURAL STUDY ABOUT THE RELATION OF MAJAPAHIT TEMPLES ERA TO PURA BUILDINGS IN BALI SELATAN
Abstrak - Candi dan pura adalah bangunan yang difungsikan sebagai tempat bersembahyang, perbedaan kedua bangunan ini terletak pada penggunaannya pada saat ini. Candi identik dengan tempat pemujaan bagi leluhur dan menjadi tempat penyimpanan abu bangsawan namun saat ini tidak aktif digunakan, Pura di Bali menjadi tempat yang masih aktif digunakan masyarakat untuk bersembahyang. Melihat kesetaraan fungsi antara candi dan pura, lebih jauh lagi dapat ditinjau dari konteks historis terhadap perkembangan keduanya. Berdasarkan konteks sejarah, Bali dikuasai oleh kerajaan Majapahit dan
Copyright (c) 2025 Keithdavin Richard Adithya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
THE EFFECT OF LIGHT OPENING DESIGN ON VISUAL COMFORT AT WHEELS COFFEE ROASTERS RIAU BANDUNG
Abstract - Daylighting is one of the important aspects in architecture. Daylighting in cafes or restaurants can provide various benefits, including creating a comfortable and pleasant atmosphere for visitors and helping to reduce energy costs. However, excessive brightness can cause glare and become a problem that disrupts the comfort of customers and employees. Insufficient daylight can also affect visual comfort, making objects less clear and causing contrast between the workspace and the openings. Generally, natural light enters the room through side openings such as windows. However, natural light often struggles to penetrate the room due to nearby buildings or the bulky shape of the building, hence the use of overhead openings such as skylights. Wheels Coffee Roasters Riau Bandung is one of the cafes in the city of Bandung. Wheels Coffee Roaster has two indoor spaces with very different characteristics of daylighting. The first indoor space is the dining and bar area in the atrium, with top lighting in the form of a combination of skylights and clerestory. In addition to being a source of daylight, the skylight also serve as a distinctive feature of this cafe and support the micro-tropical concept used in its interior design. The second indoor space is the dining area adjacent to the atrium, which has two side openings, namely openings facing the atrium and the outside. The research conducted is descriptive-evaluative with a quantitative-qualitative approach. The research areas include the space below the atrium skylight, which serves as the dining and bar area, and the space adjacent to the atrium, which serves as the dining area. Simulation of sunlight movement on the building is used to determine the research time. In addition, simulations are used to collect data and evaluate the quantity and quality of existing natural lighting. Simulations are also used to optimize the study object. This research resulted in several conclusions. First, the visual comfort of the dining and ba area has not been achieved in terms of daylighting quality due to disruptive glare that is intolerable. Second, the visual comfort of the dining area adjacent to the atrium has not been achieved in terms of quantity and quality of daylighting because the illuminance does not meet the standards, and there is contrast when looking towards both side openings. Changing the type of translucent glass for the skylights and clear glass for the clerestory with a glass 50% significantly reduces glare in the dining and bar area in the atrium, although some glare still persists at certain times and is intolerable. Changing the shading elements and dimensions of the openings facing the outside can improve illuminance and reduce contrast ratios in the dining area adjacent to the atrium. Keywords: café, daylighting, visual comfort, opening design
Copyright (c) 2025 Daniel Kusnadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Abstract- The hustle and bustle of Jakarta, the capital city, has resulted in high levels of stress among its residents. In 2021, Jakarta ranked 9th in the world as the city with the highest stress levels according to VAAY. Amidst the chaos of Jakarta as a metropolitan city, author who works at d-associates architect, felt that the presence of their studio seemed detached from the exhaustion often associated with the city's crowded and formal buildings. The dissimilarity in the quality of space atmosphere between the noisy exterior and the calm interior space is evident in the d-associates studio located in the bustling area of Kemang. Based on the aforementioned issues, the research question arises about how do the elements shaping the space atmosphere affect the emotions of users in the d-associates studio. It is hoped that this research will enhance understanding atmosphere of interior spaces in architecture and their influence on user emotions, as well as cultivate spatial awareness to appreciate architectural spaces in a more systematic and structured manner. This bureau was founded by Gregorius Supie Yolodi and Maria Rosantina in 2001, and in 2016, they successfully designed and built their own studio located at Jalan Bangka XI A no. 7B, Kemang, South Jakarta. The initial concept of this building was to create an informal and flexible office, which is the opposite of the typically rigid and formal office typology. This research aims to understand the process of creating the space atmosphere that form in the d-associates studio through these elements, as well as comprehend the influence of the space atmosphere on user emotions within the studio. The research consists of two stages, the first stage involves collecting physical data through observation and photographs to analyze the spatial physicality composed by the architects. The second stage entails collecting mental data by conducting interviews with the architects and distributing questionnaires to users to assess the perceived atmospheric qualities and their influence on emotions. The space atmosphere in the d-associates studio are quite diverse and are experienced in different spaces and times. The elements shaping the atmosphere, particularly lighting and materials, have a significant influence on the space atmosphere and emotions experienced by users in this studio. About 75% of users perceive that the lighting in the space significantly affects their emotions through the space atmosphere, and 68.8% of users believe that the selected materials have an influence on the space atmosphere and emotions they feel. Satisfaction is the most common emotion experienced in the d-associates studio, with 60% of users experiencing low-intensity positive emotions. Almost every space is capable of evoking positive emotions in users, except for the architecture studio space. The architecture studio space shows significant changes in emotions, with positive emotions in the morning and afternoon but negative emotions at night. This is due to inadequate lighting during the nighttime. Therefore, it can be concluded that user emotions are closely related to the perceived atmosphere of the space through sensory perception. An space atmosphere that supports activities will trigger positive emotions, while an unsuitable atmosphere can lead to negative emotions. Key Words: studio d-associates, space atmosphere, emotion, Kemang Jakarta
Copyright (c) 2025 Nabila Hadini Zaenudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
SPATIAL SEQUENCES AT THE NUART SCULPTURE PARK ART GALLERY, BANDUNG
Abstract - A series of spatial arrangements that create a continuous path so that it has a starting and ending point can be referred to as a spatial sequence in architecture. The series of plots that play a role in conveying the concepts of art, culture, and nature in the NuArt Sculpture Park art gallery attracts the attention of the author to dig deeper into sequential experiences and their formation. This study aims to discuss the spatial sequences present in architecture through elaboration regarding the architectural elements that also shape and influence the spatial sequences in NuArt Sculpture Park. The type of approach used is descriptive qualitative research, where researchers will conduct a literature study related to spatial sequences in architecture and its constituent elements in the form of both physical and non-physical elements which are then used as a basis for analyzing data. Then the data resulting from the qualitative analysis will be compiled and described narratively. The analysis process on the object of study is then focused on elaborating existing paths and sketching at certain points to analyze the elements and types of spatial sequences that exist in NuArt Sculpture Park. From the research that has been done, it is concluded that this art gallery has spatial sequence forming elements as an ef ort to realize the main goals and concepts of NuArt Sculpture Park so that visitors get a complete experience. Based on the relationship between music and architecture, the grooves in NuArt Sculpture Park are bound by a unified sequence consisting of an intro, verse, chorus, bridge, and outro. Meanwhile, when viewed from the spatial sequences in architecture, the types of sequences formed in NuArt Sculpture Park are long sequences and short sequences. Key Words: spatial sequences, art gallery, NuArt Sculpture Park
Copyright (c) 2025 Athaya Hanin Ayudhiya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
INDONESIAN AIRPORT DESIGN STUDY: NUSANTARA IDENTIFIED BY SPATIAL FORM, SHAPE, AND ORNAMENTATION
Abstract - The airport is a form of representation of the entry gate of a nation that is present as the first greeter for users of air transportation modes, both domestic and international users. The representation of the gate symbolizes the identity and image of a nation. Indonesian airports carry an important message about the identity of a nation which is reflected through the architectural form of the airport. The airport was designed not only as a fulfillment of the facilities of a region or even a country, but more than that, the airport is now designed by placing ef orts to create a visual character that shows architectural styles both from the west to the east of the Republic of Indonesia. This style reflects the potential of arts and culture, tourism, and local wisdom. The development of Indonesian architecture from the past to the present has resulted in transformations of forms that are constantly adapting, Nusantara Architecture has emerged as an "other" science in viewing architecture. Nusantara architecture develops, transforms, and goes global, not imitating the past or existing ones, while respecting the architecture of the past. The definition of Nusantara Architecture used is based on Nusantara Architecture by Prof. Josef Prijotomo. Airports in Indonesia on an international scale no longer represent the city, but represent the face of Indonesia. Terminal 3 of Soekarno Hatta International Airport, I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport, and Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport have the highest number of users in Indonesia and play an important role as representatives of Indonesia. A descriptive qualitative-comparative comparison is made to see how the archipelagic aspects based on the definition of Archipelago Architecture are applied to the three study object airports. So that it can be seen how the transformation of Archipelago architectural knowledge has been attached to the design of airports in Indonesia. This study was conducted to find out how the process of updating archipelago architecture in airport buildings in Indonesia, whether airports in Indonesia can reflect their Nusantara through spatial patterns, figures, and ornamentation. Key Words: Airport, Nusantara Architecture, Visual Character, Spatial form, Shape, Ornamentation
Copyright (c) 2025 Antonio Andrew Darsono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF BUDDHIST TEMPLES IN SUMATRA AND JAVA IN THE MAHAYANA-VAJRAYANA CONTEXT OBSERVED FROM MASS LAYOUT, SPATIAL PLANNING, FIGURE, AND ORNAMENTATION
Abstract - Buddhist architecture in Sumatra and Java still needs to be studied further in relation to the study of relations because Buddhist architecture does not have books or buildings that serve as guidelines for Buddhist architecture in Indonesia. The Buddhist schools that have spread in Indonesia, namely Mahayana and Vajrayana, have long ago had roots in Hindu teachings which can be seen again from the spread of architecture that occurred in Indonesia. This research was conducted to determine the relationship between Buddhist temples in Sumatra and Buddhist temples in Java. Analysis regarding the similarities and differences between several temples in Sumatra and Java can produce influencing factors. Comparative qualitative research was conducted to find out the differences and similarities between Buddhist temples in Sumatra and Java by conducting a juxtaposition study, after which the analysis was given what factors were thought to influence the similarities and differences obtained. It was concluded that there are similarities and differences between the two architectures of Sumatran Buddhist temples and Ancient Mataram Buddhists, similarities are possible because Sumatran temples have a closeness or resemblance to the architectural style of Central Javanese temples which can be seen in the application of different temple architectural elements. adapted to the Sumatran temples. The difference also explains that there is a closeness of the architectural style that is implemented according to local wisdom or based on local genius which influences the differences. So based on the descriptive qualitative analysis, it is evident that there are similarities and differences in the juxtaposition study that connects the architectural elements of the temples that are the object of research. Keywords: candi architecture, Buddha, Sumatra, architectural elements
Copyright (c) 2024 Ravi Kukuh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERISTICS STUDY OF THE SINGOSARI-MAJAPAHIT ERA TEMPLES (IN TERMS OF ARCHITECTURAL SYNCRETISM BY FORMS, SPATIAL ORDERS, AND TECTONICS)
Abstract - Hinduism and Buddhism were introduced to Nusantara society in the 5th century, when maritime trading routes that connected India in the west and China in the east thrived in the region. In its development, Hinduism and Buddhism experienced significant progress in the Island of Java which one of them marked by the construction of Hindu and Buddhist temples that now Indonesians call as Candi at the beginning of the 8th century in the era of Ancient Mataram Kingdom. Candi itself are ancient temple buildings that has religious functions and originated from the Hindu-Buddha era in Nusantara. As time goes by, the glory of Ancient Mataram Kingdom started to fade, along with the move of the government to the east. The fading Ancient Mataram Kingdom gave birth to newly established kingdoms, from Kediri Kingdom, which followed by Tumapel Kingdom or popularly known as Singosari and up to Majapahit Empire. In this period of time, a form of syncretism arose from Hindu-Buddhist beliefs that had existed into a concept calls Shiva-Buddhism, with influences from Tantrism, and the revival of native Nusantara beliefs. The syncretism that happened gave influence to architectural composition of Cnadi that was built in this period with its own characteristics that is distinct form its predecessors. Study about Singosari-Majapahit era Temples that have existed have not fathomed about syncretism from its architectural side, therefore it needs further studies through this research. This research is conducted using a qualitative approach with the aim of understanding the characteristics of Singosari-Majapahit era temples, also to find out the similarities and differences of Singosari-Majapahit era temples with Hindu temples and Buddhist temples through analysis in forms, spatial orders, and tectonics. After being analyzed, it is found that the syncretism that occurs in the temples did not have a default pattern, which the syncretism itself is only accepted conceptually whereas practically it is in the form of hybrid. Moreover, it is also found that the arrangements of temple complex had drifted into elongated and linear order as an embodiment of egalitariansm which was also mentioned in Panji tales, with the main temple is at the rearest part of the complex. This kind of arrangement will later influence and still can be seen by us now in the religious complexes of Bali. Keywords: candi, characteristics, syncretism, Singosari-Majapahit
Copyright (c) 2024 Marcellino Fabrian Gulla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
OPTIMAL WIND TURBINE PLACEMENT FOR PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN ARNTZ-GEISE 2 UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK PARAHYANGAN, BANDUNG TO PRODUCE CLEAN ENERGY YEAR-ROUND.
Abstract-In today’s climate condition, green building technologi is no longer a luxury but a necessity. Wind is one of the natural resources that we can harvest using wind turbines to generate clean energy. Unfortunately, winds that blows in cities on tropical countries tends to have less speed than ones that blows in other climates and areas. Fortunately, winds speed can be manipulated through building orientation and forms to produce high speed winds that can be used by wind turbines to generate clean energy. There are many wind phenomenons that occurs due to building orientation and form, some of these phenomenons are: Wind Tunnel Effect, Cumulative Effect, and winds on the peaks of buildings. Other than that, buildings that have sharp edges tend to produce higher wind speeds than those that have curved edges. Pusat Pembelajaran Arntz-Geise 2 (PPAG 2) UNPAR, Bandung is a building that can produce these 4 phenomenons in order to generate high speed winds through its form and orientation. This evaluative research will analyze PPAG 2’s form againts winds that it will experience and evaluate where in the building are optimal spots to install wind turbines. The wind datas that will be used is a daily data throughout 2021. Those data will then be used as a base for wind simulations using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Software. The results from the simulation will be analyzed to determine the optimal placements of wind turbines in order for PPAG 2 to generate clean energy year-round. The result of this research says that all outer edges of PPAG 2 is suitable for wind turbine placements, along with the top of both towers and the bridge connecting the northern and souther tower. Keywords: Wind Turbine, PPAG 2, placement, year-round, clean energy
Copyright (c) 2024 Samuel Gideon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
CHILDREN’S USE OF SPACE IN THE SETTING OF PRAI IJING VILLAGE
Abstract - Unlike adults, children perceive their spatial surroundings differently. Such perception then triggers specific ways of using space. The local children of Prai Ijing village utilise their environment to accommodate their activities and spatial needs—often incorporating creativity— in their daily, and traditional settings. This study aims to learn children’s perceptions of using their surrounding space in a traditional village. Specifically, this research explores local Prai Ijing children's perception of the village's unique cultural setting. Prai Ijing—a traditional village—located in Tebara village (Waikabubak, West Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara) is an award-winning tourist destination from the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy. The data were compiled through observations and interviews in the daily lives of the Prai Ijing’s local children. The data were then analyzed using qualitative-descriptive methods to describe children’s perceptions of spatial use. Thus, this paper concludes with two points. Firstly, the court in between the housing complex as the Open Space, and the house terrace are the most significant settings for the children of Prai Ijing.. Secondly, the different variables in the settings bring out the specific ways Prai Ijing children can use the space. Keywords: Children’s perception, behavior in using space, Traditional Village, Prai Ijing Village
Copyright (c) 2024 Ariqo Mutiara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
OPTIMIZATION OF THE GLASS FACADE AND INTERIOR DESIGN FOR NATURAL LIGHTING IN TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES INSIDE THE CLASSROOMS OF MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY, BANDUNG
Abstract - Indonesia is located in a tropical climate that receives much natural light from the reflection of sunlight. This abundant natural light can be used as an illumination in buildings and can save energy, especially in educational buildings such as Muhammadiyah University, Bandung is a building with an educational function where the facade uses glass on its sides with a function of space in it, namely classrooms. The classroom at the Muhammadiyah University Bandung Building has two class unit models with differences in the design of openings, resulting in strong differences in natural light in the two classroom models, there are rooms covered by 2 large-dimensional glass openings facing East, West, North, South. And then there's a classroom with openings facing south where the dimension of the openings is quite small. This study will be conducted in the form of a building exhibiting evaluation, how the glass facade and classroom enclosing elements in buildings affect the quantity and quality of natural lighting. Simulation results will be examined and design optimizations will be performed on glass facades and classroom enclosing elements with various architectural element configurations. The method used is quantitative with an experimental-simulation approach. The model of the building will be created with the SketchUp application and will then be simulated by Velux Daylight Visualizer Simulations were performed first to both existing classroom models. Results from the simulations show that there are problems in the quality and quantity of natural lighting in both classroom unit models that do not meet the standard. The design optimization of architectural elements is carried out to solve the problems of natural light quality including illumination and DF, and natural light quantities include lightness and glare contrast ratio. Class 1 units made furniture color modifications, opening modifications, light shelter additions, and incorporated all modifications. Class 2 units were glass modifications, furniture color modifications, and overall modifications. The optimization results show that the color modification of the fixing furniture has not reached the light quality standard and that the fixing has reached the light quantification standard of both classroom models. The modification of the opening dimension in the 1st class fixing unit has not reached the standard of light quality, and a slight fix to the fixing has not reached the standard of light quantification. The addition of light shelf to the class 1 unit model does not improve the quality of light and worsens to slightly improve the quantity of light. The glass modification in the 2nd class unit deteriorates the quality of light and does not improve the quantity of light. The incorporation of all modifications can improve the quality and quantity of light of both class unit models. . Keywords: quality, quantity of natural lighting, glass facade, design interior, classroom.
Copyright (c) 2024 Farrah Fahrany https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
THE CONFORMITY OF INCLULTURATION IN ORNAMENS AS THE MAKING OF SYMBOLIC MEANING OF SANTA THERESIA LISIEUX BORO CHURCH, KULON PROGO
Abstract - As the times progress, the Catholic Church is increasingly open to changes. The Second Vatican Council which was held in 1965 produced a new term, namely; inculturation, which means the encouragement of the Church to renew the Church by involving integration between local culture and Catholic teachings. Inculturation encourages the formation of a Church that continues to change with the times, by involving the active role of its people through a liturgy that can be more internalized by the community, thus forming a Church that is rooted in the local community and integration of faith experience with local breath can occur. Inculturation makes the Church part of the local culture and integrated identity of a community group. The purpose of this research is to document and reveal the embodiment and harmony of inculturation found in the architectural ornaments of the Santa Theresia Lisieux Boro Church in Kulon Progo. The choice of this object was made due to the lack of documentation of this church, even though it has a rich history and has been established since 1927. The Santa Theresia Lisieux Boro Church has strong influences from European architecture, especially the Netherlands because of its history, and over time has experienced changes influenced by Javanese culture. This research was conducted using qualitative methods in the form of descriptions, comparisons, analysis, and interpretations. The theory used is acculturation theory which is the basis of the inculturation process. The supporting theories used are the principles of Javanese locality, in the form of Javanese architectural ornamentation and colors, church zoning theory, and semiotic theory regarding historical, historicism, and material approaches. The object of study is divided into the scope of study from zoning in the Church which is divided according to its sacredness, namely the Narthex Zone, Nave Zone, and Sanctuary Zone, which is then divided again based on the scope of the building, namely the roof area, the wall area, and the floor area. The results of the study show that the inculturation of the Santa Theresia Lisieux Boro Church, Kulon Progo appears in its relationship with the sacred hierarchical zoning of the church, and the scope of the building as a manifestation of the insertion of Javanese culture into church architecture. Inculturation is manifested in the use of local decorative styles such as lung-lungan floral motives, gunungan wayang, and ornamental depiction styles. Material selection based on locality is also carried out by using stone paste and carved teak wood. The research also suggests that there is harmony between ornaments that are studied based on shape and meaning, color and material, and hierarchical placement has been realized, except for the ornaments in the Nave Zone. The benefits of this research can provide researchers, designers and readers with an understanding of inculturation and its harmony in the architectural ornamentation of the Santa Theresia Lisieux Boro Church in terms of form and meaning. An understanding of the importance of integrating local culture and values into buildings that become the identity of a region is also obtained. This research is expected to be an inspiration for designers to integrate and adopt local cultural elements that are in harmony in terms of form and meaning with the teachings and sacredness of the Catholic religion in church architecture as the identity of a region. Keywords: inculturation, ornament, form and meaning, church architecture, Java
Copyright (c) 2024 Nyra Malika Pribadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
THE POTENTIAL OF CIMAHI TRAIN STATION AS A LANDMARK OF CIMAHI CITY
Abstract - Cimahi is known as a Military City with various historical legacies, especially from the era of Dutch colonialism. One of the Dutch colonial era legacies in Cimahi is the Cimahi Train Station (SKAC). SKAC has the potential to become a landmark of Cimahi based on its supportive historical context, unique function, and role for the city. Cimahi itself does not yet have a city identity or landmark that can represent its history and Military City image. With the potential of SKAC as a landmark for Cimahi, it is necessary to identify and explore the requirements of the city landmark's elements based on the criteria, characteristics, and types of landmark found in SKAC. Cimahi needs a city landmark because it requires an identity that represents its image as a Military City and a reference point or a landmark for human direction and location. This research used a qualitative descriptive approach with a historical research methodology to identify the criteria, characteristics, and types of landmark. The research was conducted at SKAC, located at Jl. Stasion No. 1, Baros Village, Cimahi Tengah District, Cimahi, West Java. This study identified landmark criteria according to Kevin Lynch's theory and landmark characteristics according to Donald Appleyard's theory at SKAC. The criteria and characteristics of landmarks were identified based on parameters and indicators from the researcher's observation, field observation, and literature review. Then, identifying the type of landmark according to Havva Alkan Balla's theory based on the researcher's perception and collective memory and the people of Cimahi. The results of this study indicate that SKAC has the potential to become a landmark of Cimahi. Additionally, SKAC falls into the landmark types of city memory-historical, daily life/city usage, and personal memory, supported by research in the form of interviews with Cimahi residents. These findings show that SKAC has an important role in the development of Cimahi and is worthy of becoming an icon or landmark of Cimahi. Keywords: Urban Landmark, Dutch Indich Colonial Building, Heritage Building, Railway Station Cimahi
Copyright (c) 2024 Nadindra Ramaniya Amanta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
THE ADAPTATION OF RESIDENTS FROM SLUMS TO RISHA CONCEPT DWELLING CASE STUDY: SEMANGGI RISHA SUBCOMMUNAL LOW-COST APARTMENT IN SURAKARTA
Abstract - Syarif Burhanuddin, the Director of PUPR, has urged to individuals living in uninhabitable houses in slum areas to move to government-provided flats as soon as possible. Aside from being a nice place to live, the low cost apartment's construction aims to limit the use of residential land in urban areas. The migration of people from slums to low cost apartment will result in new ideas, difficulties, and changes in the condition and way of life of low-income people. The development of the Sub Communal Low-Cost Apartment in Semanggi region, based on the concept of a simple healthy immediate house (RISHA), is one strategy to eliminate slum settlements in Surakarta City. The RISHA Sub Communal Low-Cost Apartment's construction innovation is based on the necessity to speed up the provision of housing at a price that low-income people can afford, while keeping the building's quality and meeting the requirements for livable housing. By documenting the current situation of the RISHA Subcommunal Low-Cost Apartment and comparing it to the conditions of slum settlements in the Semanggi Area before 2018, the study utilized a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Field observations, interviews, and literature studies were used to gather data on the Semanggi RISHA Sub-communal Low Cost Apartment. The goal of this research is to figure out how the physical and social adaptation of residents that lived in slums in the Semanggi Area before moving to the RISHA Sub-communal Low Cost Apartment. The study employs data analysis approaches such as data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drafting. The findings of this study show that communities affected by relocation adjust their lifestyle in order to adapt to new environmental conditions as a result of the organization of slum settlements in Mojo Village. Physical and social adaptations take place in the residents of the RISHA Sub-communal Low Cost Apartment. Keywords: RISHA, slum settlement, relocation, adaptation, Semanggi.
Copyright (c) 2024 Karel Audrey Mellinda Christy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
ARCHITECTURAL COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OLD MOSQUES IN ACEH AND COASTAL JAVA IN TERMS OF FIGURE, TECTONICS, AND ORNAMENT CASE STUDIES OF MOSQUES IN ACEH, BANTEN, CIREBON, DEMAK, AND KUDUS
Abstract - Aceh played an important role in the introduction of Islam in Indonesia. Aceh's geographical location on the coast made it one of the cities where traders from all over the world met. Therefore, there are many relationships between Aceh and the cultures that enter Aceh. In addition, Aceh is one of the regions in Indonesia that holds strong Islamic law in social life. Religious buildings, especially mosques in Aceh, are important because they are not only a place of worship but also a place for learning and religious tourism. Ancient mosques in Aceh were found to have similarities with ancient mosques in the Java Coast with the discovery of a sketch of the Baiturrahman Mosque before it was burned. From these discoveries, the research raised the question 'How are the similarities and differences in the architecture of old mosques in Aceh and Coastal Java in terms of Figure, Tectonics, and Ornamentation?' and 'What are the factors that influence the similarities and differences?'. The purpose of this study is to find out the similarities and differences between ancient mosques in Aceh and coastal Java in terms of figure, tectonics, and ornamentation. In addition, to find out the factors that influence the similarities and differences. The study uses a qualitative method where the materials obtained from the field of research are in the form of words and datas that produce descriptive analysis in the form of written and verbal words. As for the studied objects, they are categorized into two categories, namely the jami mosque and the big mosque. Jami mosque consists of Tuha Ulee Kareng Mosque, Tuha Lamura Mosque, Tgk Fakinah Mosque, and Beuracan Mosque. Meanwhile, the big mosque consists of the Indrapuri Mosque. Throughout this research, it was found that the figures of Aceh and Java Coastal Mosques have similarities, while in tectonical aspect there are similarities in the use of the saka guru structural system. Besides similarities, there are differences in tectonical aspects in which the Aceh Mosque is still seen using column binding beams that are visible above the floor while the Java Coastal Mosque does not use them. For ornamentation, the similarities between the Aceh Mosque and Java Coastal Mosque are dominated while the striking difference is the use of memala at the top of the roof whereas the Aceh Mosque does not use memala while the mosque in Java Coastal uses it. In addition, there is an interesting ornamentation in the form of banana heart ornamentation which is found similar to the completion of the ceiling in India (Mughal Era) and similarities with ornaments in the Sunan Gunung Jati Tomb Complex. It was caused by several factors, namely political factors, locality factors, and external factors. Keywords: forms, tectonics, ornamentation, Aceh
Copyright (c) 2024 Ridho Gustama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
THE HISTORIOGRAPHIC LOCALITY IMAGE IN FORMING PANORAMIC TOWNSCAPE IN THE NODE & CORRIDOR OF LEGIAN BEACHFRONT AREA
Abstract - City in the context of architecture is defined as a physical-spatial entity, a manifestation of human and its interaction with geographical and historiographic context, resulting in unique characters of every context. Townscape aesthetics is subjective remembering the diverse in sense of position, sequence of view, and observer’s psycho-cultural aspects. Nusantara architecture aesthetics could be defined visually through Wastu and Citra. This study aims to identify the anatomical elements of townscape that provide an aesthetic indication of visual and locality image from street perspective. Descriptive method with a qualitative approach is used by describing factual conditions from virtual observations of Legian Coastal Area and compare them with theories from urban aesthetics literature. The related data is then analyzed using a semantic assessment method. The result shows permanent building, natural vegetation, and road holds a significant impact on the harmony value of visual image. Monument, heritage building, patterns, and human activity found indicates locality value. Further, there is a relevant connection between level of locality and visual harmony, mainly due to local architecture is generally based on philosophy of harmonious balance and is expressed in visual order. This research is useful as the foundation for similar research and as a basis for further city developments. Keywords: townscape aesthetic, locality historiographic, visual image, Legian
Copyright (c) 2024 Eistein Benedito https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
PASSIVE COOLING STUDY TO OPTIMIZE SCHOOL THERMAL COMFORT IN A HUMID TROPICAL CLIMATE (CASE STUDY: PAHOA KINDERGARTEN TANGERANG)
Abstract - The comfort of a building is a supporting role for the user’s activities. Student activities at school, especially kindergarten students, have activities that tend to use more of a higher metabolism, so a comfortable space is an important aspect of user activity in a room for a learning environment. The object used as a study is KB-TK Pahoa Tangerang as a school where the building maximizes passive design to support teaching and learning activities. Thermal discomfort caused by high temperatures can be a distraction and have a negative impact on the teaching and learning process. This study aims to look at thermal comfort in kindergartens located in tropical environments and activities that use a lot of physical activity for learning at the kindergarten level. In this research an experimental method will be carried out using CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations and including activities in kindergarten to address the problem of thermal comfort, especially for children aged 4-6 years. The analysis was carried out using the PMV (predicted mean vote) which in this process included activity variables, clothing, and building physical data to determine user satisfaction and classroom thermal comfort. Direct observation of the location of the study object was carried out to obtain existing data and literature studies for reference regarding thermal comfort and passive cooling strategies. The results obtained from this study indicate that the conditions of thermal comfort in the kindergarten from morning to noon, students using the classroom show slightly warm thermal sensation. Based on the results of the existing simulation, it is continued with efforts to optimize the design to achieve thermal comfort by optimizing it through modification of the classroom model using sun protection (shading) & ventilation. The optimization percentage reached the maximum value of PMV reduction by 12,68% in ventilation optimization, and 6,55% in shading optimization. Keywords: Passive Cooling, Thermal Comfort, School, Humid Tropical Climate, Pahoa Kindergarten Tangerang
Copyright (c) 2024 Kirana Syifa Nirmala https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
THE EFFECT OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING TECHNIQUES ON THE USER'S PERCEPTION OF THE SACRED IN THE WORSHIP ROOM OF SAINT MATIAS RASUL KOSAMBI CHURCH, JAKARTA
Abstract - As one of the main design elements in sacred spaces, natural and artificial light, plays an important role in responding to the issue of the reduced sacredness of the modern Catholic Church. Santo Matias Rasul Kosambi Church, Jakarta, is a modern Catholic Church designed using natural and artificial lighting techniques. This study aims to determine the effect of differences in natural and artificial lighting techniques during morning and evening worship on the user’s perception of sacredness in the worship room of the Church of Santo Matias Rasul Kosambi, Jakarta. The research was conducted using an qualitative approach (physical observation of the worship space, shape, zone and circulation, enclosing elements and space fillers) and quantitative data (dimensions and proportions of space) and photometric measurements of light (illumination level and luminance)). Aftab Alfa software was used to help display the contrast comparison of the overall church space. The questionnaire was conducted to take the user's perception of the appearance of the room in the morning and evening with natural and artificial lighting which was carried out in a virtual reality room display with 360⁰ photo visualization. The analysis was used to develop the role of lighting techniques used in church rooms in awakening the sacredness of space. Quantitative analysis was carried out by processing the perception data of the questionnaire results using the JMP Pro data processing software. The clarity of the symbolization and ornamentation in the altar area and the clarity of the flow of space in the morning worship has a better value than at night worship. However, night worship is still considered more sacred because of the size and monumental scale of space, clarity of the hierarchy of worship space, and emotion, the value at night worship is higher than during morning worship. The perception that most influences the assessment of the sacredness of the worship space is the size and monumental scale of the space, as well as indicators of the emotions felt in the space, especially positive emotions in the worship space. The clarity of the spatial hierarchy also influences the emotions of admiration, hope, joy, and peace. Keywords: lighting technique, Catholic Church, perception of sacredness, Saint Matias Kosambi Jakarta
Copyright (c) 2024 Rosa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/