KOMITMEN INDONESIA DALAM PELINDUNGAN WARISAN BUDAYA BAWAH AIR DI PERAIRAN INDONESIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25123/vej.v7i2.4339Keywords:
UNESCO 2001 Convention; underwater cultural heritage; protection of shipwreckAbstract
This article discusses the extent to which Indonesia provides legal protection to prehistoric and historical object, especially shipwrecks, found within its national waters. It is known that Indonesia has not decide to ratify the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (UNESCO 2001 Convention). Legal audit performed to existing national rules and regulations reveals that, legally wise, Indonesia has shown its commitment to ensure that underwater cultural heritage within its maritime zones enjoy protection. In addition, it may be argued that therefore Indonesia is not in a position having to ratify the UNESCO 2001 Convention soon.
References
Buku:
Andrew T. Guzman, How International Law Works a Rational Choice Theory, Oxford University Press, New York, 2008.
Anastasia Strati, The Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage: An Emerging Objective of the Contemporary Law of the Sea, Kluwer Law International, Netherlands, 1995.
Geoff Bailey, Nena Galanidou, Hans Peeters, Hauke Jöns, Moritz Mennenga (eds.), The Archaelogy of Europe's Drowned Landscapes, Coastal Research Library, Volume 35, USA, 2020.
Jennifer R. Richman and Marion P. Forsyth, Legal Perspectives on Cultural Resources Altamira Press, United States, 2004.
John Carman, Archaeology and Heritage: An Introduction, Continuum, New York, 2001.
John Mervyn Jones, Full Powers and Ratification: A Study in the Development of Treaty-making Procedure, Cambridge University Press, UK, 1949.
Keith Muckelroy, Maritime Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, London, 1978.
National Association of Underwater Instructors, NAUI Leadership and Instruction, NAUI, third edition, USA, 2009.
Sarah Dromgoole, Underwater Cultural Heritage and International Law. Cambridge University Press, UK, 2014.
Vicki Richards and Jennifer McKinnon (eds.), In Situ Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Public, Professionals and Preservation, Flinders University Program in Maritime Archaeology, Victoria, 2009.
Jurnal/Makalah/Artikel/Prosiding:
Craig Forrest, Defining Underwater Cultural Heritage, 31 (1) The Journal of Nautical Archeology, 2002
_______Culturally and Environmentally Sensitive Sunken Warships. 26 Australian and New Zealand Maritime Law Journal, 2012.
David J. Bederman, The UNESCO Draft Convention on Underwater Cultural Heritage: A Critique and Counter-Proposal, 30 (2) Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 1999.
_______Rethinking the Legal Status of Sunken Warships, 31 Ocean Development of International Law, 2000.
David Nutley, Protected Zones and Partnerships: Their Application and Importance to Underwater Cultural Heritage Management. Heritage at Risk Special Edition edited by ICOMOS, 2006.
Geoff Bailey, The Significance of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Makalah disajikan dalam Kolokium Ilmiah UNESCO tentang Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Warisan Budaya Bawah Air, Brussel: Royal Library of Belgium, 2011.
Graham T. Allison, Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 63 (3) The American Political Science Review, 1969.
Joanne Edney, A Framework for Managing Diver Impacts on Historic Shipwrecks, 11 Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 2016.
Lowell Bautista, Ensuring the Preservation of Submerged Treasures for the Next Generation: The Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage in International Law, prosiding LOSI Conference Papers "Securing the Ocean for the Next Generation", Seoul, Korea, Mei, 2012.
Massimiliano Secci & Pier Giorgio Spanu, Critique of Practical Archaelogy: Underwater Cultural Heritage and Best Practices, 10 J Mari Arch, 2015.
Michael V. Williams, UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage: An Analysis of the United Kingdom's Standpoint, proceedings of the Burlington House Seminar October 2005, published for the Joint Nautical Archaelogy Policy Committee, The Natutical Archaeology Society, 2006.
Mohamad Febrian Gamma Rizaldy dan Ida Bagus Suryawan, Studi Daya Dukung Fisik Wisata Bahari Usat Liberty Wreck di Desa Tulamben Bali, 7 (1) Jurnal Destinasi Pariwisata. 2019.
Paul Fletcher-Tomenius and Craig Forrest, Historic Wreck in International Waters: Conflict or Consensus? 24 Marine Policy 24, 2000.
Sorna Khakzad, Underwater Cultural Heritage Sites on the Way to World Heritage: To Ratify the 2001 Convention or not to Ratify? 2 (1) Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology, 2014.
Ulrike Guérin, What benefits can States derive from ratifying the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001? Draft Frequently Asked Questions: UNESCO internal material, 2001.
UNESCO dan the Scientific and Technical Advisory Body of the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001. The Benefit of the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage for Sustainable Growth, Tourism and Urban Development, 2001.
Internet:
Direktorat Jenderal Kekayaan Negara Kementerian Keuangan RI, Sebanyak Apa Harta Karun yang Ada di Perairan Indonesia Sekarang? (2013), DJKN Kemenkeu RI, https://www.djkn.kemenkeu.go.id/2013/beritamedia/ sebanyak-apa-harta-karun-ada-perairan-indonesia-sekarang, diakses 9 April 2020.
Kate Lamb, UK in talks with Indonesia over missing sunken WWII warships (Maret, 2018), the Guardian International edition, https://www.theguardian.com/ world/2018/mar/07/uk-in-talks-with-indonesia-over-missing-sunken- wwii-warships, diakses 17 April 2020.
Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, Koordinasi Tindak Lanjut Pengelolaan Benda Muatan Kapal Tenggelam (BMKT) (April, 2020), DJPRL KKP RI, https://kkp.go.id/djprl/jaskel/artikel/18385-koordinasi-tindak-lanjut- pengelolaan-benda-muatan-kapal-tenggelam-bmkt, diakses 17 April 2020.
Linton Besser, HMAS Perth: WWII warship grave stripped by salvagers (Desember, 2013), Australian Broadcasting Association, https://www.abc.net.au/news/ 2013-12-13/outrage-as-warship-grave-
stripped-by-salvagers/5156320, diakses 17 April 2020.
Maria Rita Hasugian, 24 Kapal Perang Asing Karam di Perairan Indonesia (Maret, 2019), Tempo.co, https://dunia.tempo.co/read/1181105/24-kapal-
perang-asing-karam-di-perairan-indonesia, diakses 18 April 2020.
Markus Burgstaller, Theories of Compliance with International Law: Development in
International Law, Vol. 52, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP, 2005.
Natali Pearson, Finders, not keepers (Maret 2016), insideindonesia.org, https://www.insideindonesia.org/finders-not-keepers, diakses 10
November 2020.
R. Patrick Jones, Jacques Cousteau and the History of Scuba Diving (Maret, 2017),
Deepblu,https://www.deepblu.com/post/81641b20107c11e7aa9ad181bc
, diakses 17 April 2020.
UNESCO, Daftar Negara peratifikasi Konvensi UNESCO 2001 hingga 15 November
,http://www.unesco.org/eri/la/convention.asp?KO=13520&language =E&order=alpha, diakses 16 April, 2020.
Perundangundangan dan Konvensi:
Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2007, 19 September 2007, tentang Panitia Nasional Pengangkatan dan Pemanfaatan Benda Berharga Asal Muatan Kapal yang Tenggelam.
_____ Nomor 12 Tahun 2009, 22 April 2009, tentang Perubahan atas Keputusan Presiden Nomor 19 tahun 2007 tentang Panitia Nasional Pengangkatan dan Pemanfaatan Benda Berharga Asal Muatan Kapal yang Tenggelam.
Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan R.I., No. 21/KEPMEN-KP/2018, tentang Kawasan Konservasi Maritim HMAS Perth di Perairan Provinsi Banten.
Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2010, 24 November 2010, LNRI Tahun 2010 Nomor 5168 Tentang Cagar Budaya.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (adopted 10 December 1982,
entered into force 16 November 1994), 1833 UNTS 396.
Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (adopted 2
November 2001, entered into force 2 January 2009), UNESCO Doc 31C/Res
; (2002) 41 ILM 37.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Veritas et Justitia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
The Journal allow the author(s) to hold the copyright and to retian publishing rights without restrictions.
![Creative Commons License](https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/veritas/management/settings/<a%20rel="license" href="http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https:/i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.)
