China on Preserving Energy Resilience: An Analysis of China’s Carbon Market System
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v5i1.7802.45-60Abstract
The urgency of energy transition continuously presents itself in various conditions and situations. Within this article, the background used to visualize the problem is of how the energy transition could be achieved whilst still preserving energy resilience. The way to do so is through the implementation of an accurate and effective carbon market system. China, as one of the biggest contributors of energy and carbon emissions, has the urgency to implement said system. This article tries to analyze using the method of qualitative research through the carbon market effectivity—particularly within China's Carbon Market System—that is purposefully one of the most significant efforts to urge energy transition, the issues that are disruptive and harmful towards the projection of results are analyzed. This article seeks to find the core problem and reasonings behind the ineffectiveness of China’s carbon market.
Keywords: Energy transition, energy resilience, carbon market, China, foreign affairs
References
Asian Development Bank. “THE KOREA EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME Challenges and
Emerging Opportunities NOVEMBER,” November 2018.
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/469821/korea-emissions-tradingscheme.pdf.
Cong, Jianhui, Huimin Wang, Xiaoxiao Hu, Yongbin Zhao, Yingying Wang, Wei-Qiang Zhang, and
Ling Zhang. “Does China’s Pilot Carbon Market Cause Carbon Leakage? New Evidence from
the Chemical, Building Material, and Metal Industries.” International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 1853–53.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031853.
Dong, Feng, Yifei Hua, and Bolin Yu. “Peak Carbon Emissions in China: Status, Key Factors and
Countermeasures—a Literature Review.” Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 2895.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082895.
eia. “Coal and the Environment - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).” www.eia.gov,
December 1, 2020. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/coal/coal-and-theenvironment.php#:~:text=Several%20principal%20emissions%20result%20from.
European Commission. “Carbon Leakage.” climate.ec.europa.eu. Accessed May 19, 2023.
———. “Market Stability Reserve.” climate.ec.europa.eu, n.d. https://climate.ec.europa.eu/euaction/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets/market-stability-reserve_en.
Eurostat. “Coal Production and Consumption Statistics - Statistics Explained.” Europa.eu, 2014.
Hao, Haiqing, and Xue Yang. “China’s Carbon Market in the Context of Carbon Neutrality: Legal and
Policy Perspectives.” Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 11, 2022): 11399.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811399.
www.arup.com. “How Can Carbon Markets Accelerate Singapore’s Energy Transition?,” n.d.
https://www.arup.com/perspectives/how-can-carbon-markets-accelerate-singapores-energytransition.
Hua, Yifei, and Feng Dong. “China’s Carbon Market Development and Carbon Market Connection: A
Literature Review.” Energies 12, no. 9 (May 1, 2019): 1663.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091663.
———. “China’s Carbon Market Development and Carbon Market Connection: A Literature Review.”
Energies 12, no. 9 (May 1, 2019): 1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091663.
Heggelund, Gørild, Iselin Stensdal, Maosheng Duan, and Jørgen Wettestad. “China’s Development of
ETS as a GHG Mitigating Policy Tool: A Case of Policy Diffusion or Domestic Drivers?”
Review of Policy Research 36, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 168–94.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12328.
IEA. “China’s Emissions Trading Designing Efficient Allowance Allocation,” n.d.
https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/d21bfabc-ac8a-4c41-bba7-
e792cf29945c/China_Emissions_Trading_Scheme.pdf.
———. “The World’s Coal Consumption Is Set to Reach a New High in 2022 as the Energy Crisis
Shakes Markets - News.” IEA, December 16, 2022. https://www.iea.org/news/the-world-scoal-consumption-is-set-to-reach-a-new-high-in-2022-as-the-energy-crisis-shakes-markets.
International Energy Agency. “Coal,” 2022. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/91982b4e-26dc41d5-88b1-4c47ea436882/Coal2022.pdf.
International Carbon Action Partnership. “China National ETS | International Carbon Action
Partnership.” icapcarbonaction.com, 2021. https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/china-nationalets.
Fang, Zhang, Hongyuan Fang, and Wenyan Song. “Carbon Market Maturity Analysis with an
Integrated Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method: A Case Study of EU and China.” Journal
of Cleaner Production 241 (December 1, 2019): 118296–96.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118296.
Fearon, James D. “Domestic Politics, Foreign Policy, and Theories of International Relations.” Annual
Review of Political Science 1, no. 1 (June 1998): 289–313.
Jun, Sung-Hyun, Jee Young Kim, and Hyungna Oh. “Evaluating the Impact of the KETS on GHG
Reduction in the First Phase.” Environmental Economics and Policy Studies 23, no. 3 (March
, 2021): 613–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-021-00302-0.
Kumari, Ankita. “How Can Carbon Markets Accelerate Singapore’s Energy Transition?”
www.arup.com. Accessed May 18, 2023. https://www.arup.com/perspectives/how-can-carbonmarkets-accelerate-singapores-energy-transition.
Lebrouhi, Badr Eddine, Eric Schall, Bilal Lamrani, Yassine Chaibi, and Tarik Kousksou. “Energy
Transition in France.” Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 5818.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105818.
Leggett, Jane A. China’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Policies. Hauppauge, 2011.
Li, Lu, Jie Dong, and Yan Song. “Impact and Acting Path of Carbon Emission Trading on Carbon
Emission Intensity of Construction Land: Evidence from Pilot Areas in China.” Sustainability
, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 7843. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197843.
Lo, Alex Y. “Challenges to the Development of Carbon Markets in China.” Climate Policy 16, no. 1
(January 22, 2015): 109–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2014.991907.
Keck, Madeleine. “Australia Pledges Net-Zero Emissions by 2050 ahead of COP26 but Fails to Set
Urgent Targets.” Global Citizen, October 27, 2021.
Ministry for the Environment New Zealand. “Proposed Changes to New Zealand Emissions Trading
Scheme Limit and Price Control Settings for Units 2022,” December 2022.
https://environment.govt.nz/assets/publications/ets-unit-settings-summary-ofsubmissions.pdf.
Miroslava Zavadska, Lucia Morales, and Bernadette Andreosso-O’Callaghan. “Is China’s Dependency
on Coal a Threat to Its Economic Development?,” February 24, 2020, 23–44.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119705222.ch2.
Mirzaee Ghazani, Majid, and Mohammad Ali Jafari. “The Efficiency of CO2 Market in the Phase III
EU ETS: Analyzing in the Context of a Dynamic Approach.” Environmental Science and
Pollution Research 28, no. 61080–61095 (June 24, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-
-5.
Owen-Burge, Charlotte. “Carbon Credits and the Energy Transition: An Investor Perspective.” Climate
Champions, November 7, 2022. https://climatechampions.unfccc.int/carbon-credits-and-theenergy-transition-an-investor-perspective/.
Song, Haiyun, Xiaoxuan Zhang, and Gao Zhang. “The Development and Problems of China’s Carbon
Market.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 440, no. 4 (February 1,
: 042100. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/440/4/042100.
Tang, Maogang, Silu Cheng, Wenqing Guo, Weibiao Ma, and Fengxia Hu. “Effects of Carbon Emission
Trading on Companies’ Market Value: Evidence from Listed Companies in China.”
Atmosphere 13, no. 2 (January 30, 2022): 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020240.
Wang, Cheng, Yi Shi, Lin Zhang, Xin Zhao, and Hung-Xin Chen. “The Policy Effects and Influence
Mechanism of China’s Carbon Emissions Trading Scheme” 14, no. 12 (August 30, 2021):
–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01081-z.
Xia, Chunli. “Autonomous Legislative Power in Regional Ethnic Autonomy of the People’s Republic
of China: The Law and the Reality.” One Country, Two Systems, Three Legal Orders -
Perspectives of Evolution, 2009, 541–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68572-2_33.
Yang, Shijie, Yunjia Wang, Rongqing Han, Yong Chang, and Xihua Sun. “Spatial Heterogeneity of
Factors Influencing CO2 Emissions in China’s High-Energy-Intensive Industries.”
Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 25, 2021): 8304. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158304.
Yuhan, Niu. “China’s Energy Use in 2022.” China Dialogue, March 2, 2023.
https://chinadialogue.net/en/digest/chinas-energy-use-in-2022/.
Zhang, Tingfa, Huaying Qin, and Weishuang Xu. “Environmental Regulation, Greenwashing
Behaviour, and Green Governance of High-Pollution Enterprises in China.” International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (October 1, 2022): 12539.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912539.
Zhang, Yue-Jun, Ao-Dong Wang, and Weiping Tan. “The Impact of China’s Carbon Allowance
Allocation Rules on the Product Prices and Emission Reduction Behaviors of ETS-Covered
Enterprises.” Energy Policy 86 (November 2015): 176–85.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.07.004.
Zhu, G. “The Composite State of China under ‘One Country, Multiple Systems’: Theoretical
Construction and Methodological Considerations.” International Journal of Constitutional Law
, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 272–97. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mos005.