DISIPLIN SUBSIDI PERIKANAN DALAM SISTEM PERDAGANGAN GLOBAL DAN IMPLIKASINYA BAGI PERIKANAN INDONESIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25123/vej.v5i1.3146Abstract
Government policies providing financial aid to small and medium scale business enterprises are found everywhere around the globe, including those that is managed by Indonesia, and is allowed under the world trade arrangement managed by the WTO. An important part of this policy is subsidies made available to fishing businesses. Be that as it may, overfishing and the resulting fish stock crisis globally has made the practice of subsidizing marine fishing enterprises suspect in light of marine environment protection. This article discusses the issues of fishing subsidies as practiced in Indonesia in view of the current regime of economic law and the need to develop a sustainable fishing practices.References
Buku:
Anja Von Moltke (ed.), Fisheries Subsidies, Sustainable Development and the WTO, UNEP Publication, Earthscan, Oxford, 2010.
Arif Satria, Ekologi Politik Nelayan, LKIS, Yogyakarta, 2009.
Chen-Ju Chen, Fisheries Subsidies under International Law, Springer, London, 2010.
Colin W. Clark, The Worldwide Crisis in Fisheries, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
Daniel Pauly, 5 Easy Pieces: How Fishing Impacts Marine Ecosystems, Island Press, Washington D.C., 2010.
FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Opportunities and Challenges, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2014.
Gary P. Sampson (et al.) (eds.), Trade, Environment and the Millenium, Second Edition, United Nations University Press, Tokyo, 2002.
Gustavo E. Luengo Hernandez De Madrid, Regulation of Subsidies and State Aids in WTO and EC Law: Conflicts in International Trade Law, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2007.
John H. Jackson, The World Trade System: Law and Policy of International Economic Relations, Second Edition, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1997.
Malgosia Fitzmaurice (et al.) (eds.), Research Handbook on International Environmental Law, Edward Elgar Publishing, United Kingdom, 2010.
Maria Gavouneli, Functional Jurisdiction in the Law of the Sea, Nijhoff, Leiden, 2007.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis, Island Press, Washington D.C., 2005.
Myron H. Nordquist (et al.) (eds.), Current Fisheries Issues and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nijhoff, The Hague, 2000.
Peter Van den Bossche, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization: Text, Cases and Materials, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.
Tim R. McClanahan (et al.) (eds.), Fisheries Management: Progress Towards Sustainability, Blackwell Publishing, United Kingdom, 2007.
WTO, WTO Analytical Index: Guide to WTO Law and Practice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
Jurnal dan Artikel:
A. Ghofar (et al.), Selected Indonesian Fisheries Subsidies: Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Policy Coherence and Efectiveness, The Nature Conservancy, Bali, 2008.
Anne Tallontire, Trade Issues Background Paper: The Impact of Subsidies on Trade in Fisheries Products, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2004.
Anthony Cox, OECD Work on Defining and Measuring Subsidies in Fisheries, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2003.
Christopher D Stone, Too Many Fishing Boats, Too Few Fish: Can Trade Laws Trim Subsidies and Restore the Balance in Global Fisheries?, Ecology Law Quarterly 24(03), 1997.
Derek J. Dostal, Global Fisheries Subsidies: Will the WTO Reel in Effective Regulations” University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 26(04), 2005.
EU, Global Fisheries Subsidies, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, October 2013.
FAO, Report of the Expert Consultation on Fishing Vessels Operating under Open Registries and Their Impact on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, Fisheries Report No. 722, 2004.
_____, The Reykjavik Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2001.
Frank Asche (et al.), Trade and Fisheries: Key Issues for the World Trade Organization, World Trade Organization – Economic Research and Statistic Division, Staff Working Paper, 2010.
Hilton T. Putra (et al.), Pengaturan Subsidi Perikanan dalam WTO dan Dampak bagi Indonesia, Jurnal Mimbar Hukum 26(3), 2014.
Lena Westlund, Guide for Identifying, Assessing and Reporting on Subsidies in the Fisheries Sector, FAO Fisheries Department – Technical Paper No. 438, 2004.
OECD, Subsidy Reform and Sustainable Development, Economic, Environmental and Social Aspects, The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006.
_______, Policy Brief: Subsidies: a Way towards Sustainable Fisheries?” The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2005.
_______, Workshop on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing Activities — Key Observations and Findings by the Workshop Chairs, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2004.
R. Sumaila (et al.), Catching More Bait: A Bottom-up Re-Estimate of Global Fisheries Subsidies, Fisheries Centre Research Reports, University of British Columbia Fisheries Centre, 2006.
Rachel Baird, Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing: An Analysis of the Legal, Economic and Historical Factors Relevant to Its Development and Persistance, Melbourne Journal of International Law 5, 2004.
UNEP, Analyzing the Resource Impact of Fisheries Subsidies: A Matrix Approach, United Nations Environment Programme, 2004.
_______, United Nations Environment Programme – Regional Seas Programme, Jakarta Mandate, 1995.
United Nations, Resumed Review Conference on the Agreement Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, published by the United Nations Department of Public Information, May 2010.
Victoria C. Ramenzoni, Reconstructing the History and the Effects of Mechanization in a Small-Scale Fishery of Flores, Eastern Indonesia (1917-2014), Frontiers in Marine Science 4, 2017.
Youngjeen Cho, Revisiting WTO Fisheries Subsidies Negotiations, Beijing Law Review, 6, 2015.
Konvensi/Perjanjian/Persetujuan:
Constitution of the Food and Agriculture Organization, 1945, CTS 1945/32.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. 397.
Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, 1760 U.N.T.S. 79.
Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas, 1993, 2221 U.N.T.S. 91.
Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, 1995, FAO Doc. 95/20/Rev/1.
Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, 1995, 2167 U.N.T.S. 3.
The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations: Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, 1999, 1869 U.N.T.S. 14.
International Plan of Action for Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Longline Fisheries, FAO, 1999.
International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks, FAO, 1999.
International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity, FAO, 1999.
International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, FAO, 2001.
Draft of Annex VIII SCM Agreement, WTO, 2007, Doc. TN/RL/W/123.
Kasus:
WTO, Canada – Measures Affecting the Export of Civilian Aircraft, Appellate Body Report, WT/DS70/AB/RW, 21 July 2000.
ICJ, “Case Concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay)”, Provisional Measures, 2006.
Situs:
FAO, FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries, http://www.fao.org/fishery/publications/technical-guidelines/en, diakses 19 November, 2018.
UNCTAD. Regulating Fisheries Subsidies, https://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-and-Environment/Regulating-Fisheries-Susidies.aspx, diakses 17 November, 2018.
Warta Ekonomi, Pemerintah: Jumlah Nelayan Indonesia Mengkhawatirkan, https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read183995/pemerintah-jumlah-nelayan-indonesia-mengkhawatirkan.html, diakses 7 Maret, 2019.
WWF, East Flores Reforms the Effectiveness of Fisheries Subsidy towards Sustainability, http://www.wwf.or.id/en/?38322/East-Flores-Reforms-the-Effectiveness-of-Fisheries-Subsidy, diakses 19 November, 2018.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
The Journal allow the author(s) to hold the copyright and to retian publishing rights without restrictions.
![Creative Commons License](https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/veritas/management/settings/<a%20rel="license" href="http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https:/i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.)
