MENYELISIK KEPATUHAN PAJAK PELAKU UMKM DI WILAYAH JABODETABEK DARI PERSPEKTIF CREATIVE TAX MORALE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26593/be.v25i2.5312.41-60Keywords:
tax morale, tax compliance, MSME.Abstract
The reason why people pay taxes is still questionable in various tax compliance literatures. Tax morale is believed to be one of the factors that motivate people to pay taxes. This study aims to analyze the determinants of tax morale in influencing the level of tax compliance. Using a questionnaire survey and a multivariate test procedure, this study shows that tax morale and tax compliance can be increased by decreasing the level of corruption, improving the efficiency of government spending, increasing fairness in the taxation system, reducing tax rates, and addressing financial constraints. In addition, this study also proves that there is significant difference on tax morale between age category, while other socio-demographic and socio-economic categories have no significant difference. The results of this study are expected to add references in the tax compliance literature and become a consideration for tax authorities in improving tax compliance.
Keywords: tax morale, tax compliance, MSME.
References
Abdul, M. (2001). Personal income tax non-compliance in Malaysia. PhD Thesis. Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
Alm, J., & Torgler, B. (2006). Culture differences and Tax Morale in the United States and in Europe. Journal of Economic Psychology, 27(2), 224-246.
Alm, J., & Torgler, B. (2011). Do ethics matter? Tax compliance and morality. Journal of Business Ethics, 101(4), 635-651.
Alasfour, F., Samy, M., & Bampton, R. (2016). The Determinants of Tax Morale and Tax Compliance: Evidence from Jordan. In Advances in Taxation (Vol. 23, pp. 125–171). https://doi.org/10.1108/S1058-749720160000023005
Alfedo, J. M., & Azmi, R. H. N. (2020). Sistem Informasi Pencegahan Korupsi Bantuan Sosial Si Pansos) di Indonesia : Rumusan Konsep dan Pengaturan. INTEGRITAS: Jurnal Antikorupsi, 6(2), 283–296. https://doi.org/10.32697/integritas.v6i2.668
Allingham, M. G., & Sandmo, A. (1972). Income tax evasion: a theoretical analysis. Journal of Public Economics, 1(3–4), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(72)90010-2
Alm, J., McClelland, G. H., & Schulze, W. D. (1992). Why do people pay taxes? Journal of Public Economics, 48(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(92)90040-M
Andreoni, J., Feinstein, J., & Erard, B. (1998). Tax Compliance. In Tax Compliance (Issue Jun, pp. 818–860). Gabler. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8282-7_12
Biru, A. M. (2020). Factors That Affect Tax Compliance Behavior of Small and Medium Enterprises: Evidence from Nekemte City. European Journal of Business and Management, 12(19), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.7176/ejbm/12-19-04
Bitzenis, A., & Vlachos, V. (2018). Tax morale in times of economic depression: The case of greece. Advances in Taxation, 25(November), 173–199. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1058-749720180000025008
Braithwaite, V., Reinhart, M., & Smart, M. (2010). Tax non-compliance among the under-30s: Knowledge, obligation or scepticism? [www]. Retrieved from http://vab.anu.edu.au/pre-sent/agetax.pdf.
Çevik, S. (2016). Tax morale and tax compliance in socio-political context. Political Economy of Taxation, Istanbul: IJOPEC, 37-57.
Clotfelter, C.T. 1983, Tax Evasion and Tax Rates: An Analysis of Individual Returns, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 65, pp. 363-373.
De Cremer, D., & Tyler, T. (2007). The effects of trust in authority and procedural fairness on cooperation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 639-649.
Erard, B., & Feinstein, J. S. (1994). The Role of Moral Sentiments and Audit Perceptions in Tax Compliance. The Role of Moral Sentiments and Audit Perceptions in Tax Compliance, 49(August), 70–89.
Feld, L. P., & Frey, B. S. (2007). Tax Compliance as the Result of a Psychological Tax Contract: The Role of Incentives and Responsive Regulation. Law & Policy, 29(1), 102–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2007.00248.x
FREY, B. & FELD, L. 2002. Deterrence and Morale in Taxation: An Empirical Analysis. CESifo Working Paper Series No 760. August 2002 ed. SSRN Website
Frey, B. S., & Torgler, B. (2007). Tax morale and conditional cooperation. Journal of Comparative Economics, 35(1), 136–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2006.10.006
GRAETZ, M. J. & WILDE, L. L. 1985. The Economics of Tax Compliance: Fact and Fantasy. National Tax Journal, 38(3), 355 - 363.
Hassan, I., Naeem, A., & Gulzar, S. (2021). Voluntary tax compliance behavior of individual taxpayers in Pakistan. Financial Innovation, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-021-00234-4.
Hasseldine, J., & Li, Z. (1999). More tax evasion research required in new millennium. Crime, Law and Social Change, 31(1), 91-104.
Horodnic, I. A. (2018). Tax morale and institutional theory: a systematic review. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 38(9/10), 868–886. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-03-2018-0039.
Jahnke, B., Weisser, R.A., How does petty corruption affect tax morale in Sub-Saharan Africa?,
European Journal of Political Economy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.09.003
Jahnke, B., Weisser, R.A., How does petty corruption affect tax morale in Sub-Saharan Africa?,
European Journal of Political Economy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.09.003
Jahnke, B., Weisser, R.A., How does petty corruption affect tax morale in Sub-Saharan Africa?,
European Journal of Political Economy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.09.003
Jahnke, B., Weisser, R.A., How does petty corruption affect tax morale in Sub-Saharan Africa?,
European Journal of Political Economy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.09.003
Jahnke, B., Weisser, R.A., How does petty corruption affect tax morale in Sub-Saharan Africa?,
European Journal of Political Economy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.09.003
Jahnke, B., Weisser, R.A., How does petty corruption affect tax morale in Sub-Saharan Africa?,
European Journal of Political Economy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.09.003
Jahnke, B., Weisser, R.A., How does petty corruption affect tax morale in Sub-Saharan Africa?,
European Journal of Political Economy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.09.003
Jahnke, B., Weisser, R.A., How does petty corruption affect tax morale in Sub-Saharan Africa?,
European Journal of Political Economy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.09.003
Jahnke, B., Weisser, R.A., How does petty corruption affect tax morale in Sub-Saharan Africa?,
European Journal of Political Economy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.09.003
Jahnke, B., Weisser, R.A., How does petty corruption affect tax morale in Sub-Saharan Africa?,
European Journal of Political Economy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.09.003
Jahnke, B., Weisser, R.A., How does petty corruption affect tax morale in Sub-Saharan Africa?,
European Journal of Political Economy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.09.003
Kirchler, E. (2007). The economic psychology of tax behaviour. Cambridge University Press.
Kirchler, E., Hoelzl, E., & Wahl, I. (2008). Enforced versus voluntary tax compliance: The “slippery slope” framework. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29(2), 210–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2007.05.004.
OECD. (2019). What is Driving Tax Morale? https://www.oecd.org/tax/tax-global/public-consultation-document-what-is-driving-tax-morale.pdf
Ortega, D., Ronconi, L., & Sanguinetti, P. (2012). Reciprocity and Willingness to Pay Taxes: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Latin America. Economia, 16(2), 55–87. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3060.5283
Pashev, K. (2005). Tax compliance of small business in transition economies: Lessons from Bulgaria [www]. Retrieved from: icepp.gsu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/icepp/wp/ ispwp0510.pdf.
Sari, N. P. R., & Maradona, A. F. (2020). Kenapa Wajib Pajak UMKM Enggan Membayar Pajak Penghasilan? E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 30(6), 1561. https://doi.org/10.24843/EJA.2020.v30.i06.p17
Suyatmiko, W. H. (2021). Memaknai Turunnya Skor Indeks Persepsi Korupsi Indonesia Tahun 2020. Integritas, 7(1), 161–178. https://doi.org/10.32697/integritas.v7i1.717
Torgler, B. (2003). Tax morale, rule governed behaviour and trust. Constitutional Political Economy, 14(2), 119–140.
Torgler, B. (2005). Tax morale and direct democracy. European Journal of Political Economy, 21(2), 525–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2004.08.002.
Torgler, B. (2006). The importance of faith: Tax morale and religiosity. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 61(1), 81-109.
Torgler, B. (2007). Tax Compliance and Tax Morale. In Tax Compliance and Tax Morale: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847207203.
Torgler, B. (2012). Tax morale, Eastern Europe and European enlargement. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45(1), 11–25.
Torgler, B. (2014). Cross Culture Comparision of Tax Morale and Tax Compliance. January 2004. https://doi.org/10.2307/41954393.
Torgler, B., & Schaltegger, C. a. (2005). Tax morale and fiscal policy (Unpublished Working Paper No. 1748). Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts. 1–34.
Torgler, B., & Valev, N. T. (2010). Gender and Public Attitudes Toward Corruption and Tax Evasion. Contemporary Economic Policy, 28(4), 554–568. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2009.00188.x
Torgler, B., Schneider, F., & Schaltegger, C. (2010). Local autonomy, tax morale, and the shadow economy. Public Choice, 144, 293-321.
Verboon, P., & Goslinga, S. (2009). The role of fairness in tax compliance. Netherlands Journal of Psychology, 65(4), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03080136
Vythelingum, P., Soondram, H., & Jugurnath, B. (2017). An assessment of tax morale among Mauritian taxpayers. Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 9(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAT2016.0224
Wardani, D. K., (2018). Pengaruh Kecenderungan Penghindaran Pajak Terhadap Risiko Dengan Corporate Governance & Financial Constraint Sebagai Pemoderasi. Repository UGM. [Doctoral Dissertation, Gajah Mada University].
Williams, C. C., & Krasniqi, B. (2017). Evaluating the individual- and country-level variations in tax morale. Journal of Economic Studies, 44(5), 816–832. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-09-2016-0182
Peraturan dan Dokumen Publik Lainnya
Republik Indonesia. (2008). Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 tentang Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah.
Republik Indonesia. (2013). Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 46 Tahun 2013 tentang Pajak Penghasilan atas Penghasilan dari Usaha yang Diterima atau Diperoleh Wajib Pajak yang Memiliki Peredaran Bruto Tertentu.
Republik Indonesia. (2018). Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 23 Tahun 2018 tentang Pajak Penghasilan atas Penghasilan dari Usaha yang Diterima atau Diperoleh Wajib Pajak yang Memiliki Peredaran Bruto Tertentu.
Republik Indonesia. (2021). Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 7 Tahun 2021 tentang Kemudahan, Pelindungan, dan Pemberdayaan Koperasi dan Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah.
Republik Indonesia (2021). Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor
/PMK.03/2021 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 9/PMK.03/2021 tentang Insentif Pajak untuk Wajib Pajak Terdampak Pandemi Corona Virus Disease 2019.