Bitcoin vis a vis NEO: Upaya Tiongkok menuju Penyeimbang Kekuatan Ekonomi Amerika Serikat dalam Kacamata Hegemoni dan Soft Balancing
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26593/jihi.v15i2.3215.105-129Keywords:
Bitcoin, Tiongkok, ICO, CryptocurrencyAbstract
Abstrak
Bitcoin merupakan salah satu cryptocurrency yang terkenal sejak 2013 diseluruh dunia dimana konsepnya adalah P2P atau terdesentralisasi antar server user dalam sebuah jaringan. Nilai tukat Bitcoin terus meningkat seiring permintaan dari seluruh dunia, termasuk Tiongkok sebagai salah satu negara dengan transaksi ekonomi terbesar di dunia. Lebih dari 50% transaksi Bitcoin dunia dilakukan melalui cryptomarket asal Tiongkok. Selain itu, Tiongkok juga menjadi negara dengan industri mining pool Bitcoin terbesar di dunia. Hal tersebut menjadikan Tiongkok sebagai negara dengan nilai perputaran Bitcoin terbesar di dunia. Besarnya arus perputaran Bitcoin di Tiongkok tampaknya menjadi ancaman tersendiri bagi Pemerintah Tiongkok sehingga pada September 2017, Pemerintah Tiongkok mengeluarkan kebijakan pelarangan transaksi ICO dan menutup BTCC yang merupakan salah satu cryptomarket Bitcoin terbesar di dunia. ICO dapat diartikan sebagai konsep investasi cryptocurrency dengan tujuan crowd funding. Sebulan setelah mengeluarkan larangan transaksi ICO, Pemerintah Tiongkok justru mengumumkan rencana Pemerintah Tiongkok untuk mengembangkan dunia blockchain (cryptocurrency) sendiri. Penelitian ini menjelaskan alasan kebijakan pemerintah Tiongkok terkait pelarangan ICO dan penutupan BTCC namun justru mengembangkan cryptocurrency sendiri menggunakan konsep hegemoni dan soft balancing dalam pendekatan realisme. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan pemerintah Tiongkok yang melarang ICO dan penutupan BTCC merupakan langkah yang diambil dalam upaya Tiongkok untuk menyeimbangi Amerika Serikat sebagai negara berpengaruh di bidang ekonomi di dunia.
Kata kunci: Bitcoin, Tiongkok, ICO, hegemoni, soft balancing
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