Tiga Model Promosi Demokrasi Menurut Lavenex dan Schimmelfennig: Kontribusi Uni Eropa dalam Peningkatan Demokrasi di Myanmar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26593/jihi.v17i1.3543.121-137Keywords:
model promosi demokrasi Uni Eropa, aktor normatif, MyanmarAbstract
Transisi politik di tahun 2011 mendorong Myanmar untuk menjadi negara yang lebih demokratis. Pemilihan umum pada tahun 2010 telah mengubah sistem pemerintahan Myanmar dari dominasi militer junta menuju pemerintahan sipil di bawah Presiden terpilih, U Thein Sein. Kondisi ini mendorong Myanmar untuk melakukan perbaikan kualitas demokrasi dengan segera. Hal ini juga dilihat sebagai kesempatan bagi Uni Eropa sebagai aktor normatif untuk mempromosikan norma-norma demokrasi dan sampai batas tertentu, memberikan kontribusi untuk peningkatan demokrasi di Myanmar. Menggunakan metodologi kualitatif, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memeriksa sejauh mana kontribusi Uni Eropa dalam promosi demokrasi telah membawa peningkatan demokrasi di Myanmar dengan berpedoman pada tiga model promosi demokrasi, yakni linkage, leverage, dan governance. Penelitian ini juga bermaksud untuk menentukan model mana yang dianggap paling efektif bagi Uni Eropa untuk peningkatan demokrasi di Myanmar. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, dapat dikatakan bahwa Uni Eropa telah berkontribusi dalam peningkatan demokrasi dimana model linkage dan governance dianggap sebagai cara paling efektif untuk mempromosikan demokrasi di negara tersebut. Namun, model leverage dianggap sulit untuk digunakan dalam implementasi promosi demokrasi di Myanmar. Beberapa komponen dalam model ini tidak dapat diaplikasikan sepenuhnya ketika berbicara tentang persyaratan politik sebagai instrumen untuk promosi demokrasi. Hal ini dikarenakan oleh sejauh ini apa yang telah dilakukan oleh Uni Eropa terhadap Myanmar tidak memberlakukan persyaratan politik.
Kata kunci: model promosi demokrasi Uni Eropa; aktor normatif; Myanmar
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