Angela Merkel's Perception and Open Door Policy during the 2015 European Refugee Crisis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26593/jihi.v18i1.4603.1-13Keywords:
Persepsi, Angela Merkel, Open Door Policy, JermanAbstract
When Europe was hit by the refugee crisis in 2015, Germany as the leader of the European Union implemented policies that contrasted markedly with those of other member countries. Through the Open Door Policy under the command of Angela Merkel, Germany voluntarily opened its borders so that refugees were able to enter its territory. Unfortunately, this policy triggered many protests and rejections from various circles. Among these were members of the general public, opposition parties, Merkel's own party, interest groups and the European Union as a regional umbrella for Germany. The determination of this policy did not involve the participation of the Bundestag (level I parliament) in a democratic manner, either. Despite the many objections that arose, Merkel remained adamant about defending and enforcing her controversial policy. This attitude reflects the existence of a separate perspective or perception that Merkel had in seeing the refugee crisis, so she established an Open Door Policy. This paper will shed light on how Angela Merkel's personal perception could have led to her choice of providing protection for refugees despite having to face various forms of resistance. By using the framework of the relationship between perception and decision-making according to Ole R. Holsti, it was found that belief and image systems influenced Angela Merkel's perception that Germany should be the main actor in responding to the refugee crisis that occurred in the European Union region and the rest of the world as well.
References
Akin, Seyma. (2017). The Effects of the Syirian Crisis on German Politics. Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
Ayoub, Maysa Abbas. (2019). Understanding Germany’s Response to the 2015 Refugee Crisis . Review of Economic and Political Science
BBC. Migrant Crisis : Merkel Warns of EU ‘Failure. 2015, https://www.bbc.com/new/world- europe-34108224 (diakses pada 15 Oktober 2020)
BBC. UNHCR : Lebih dari 70 Juta Orang Mengungsi di Seluruh Dunia. BBC Indonesia. 2019, http://www.google.com/amp/s/www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-48700295.amp (diakses pada tanggal 15 Maret 2020)
China Daily. Germans are Filled with Shame – Merkel. Desember 2008, http://chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-03/19/content_6547713.htm (diakses pada 14 Oktober 2020)
DW.com. German State Elections: Success for Right-Wing AfD, Losses for Merkel's CDU. 2016, http://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.dw.com/en/german-state-elections-success-for-right-wing-afd-losses-for-merkels-cdu/a-19113604 (diakses pada 06 Oktober 2020)
DW.com. Merkel's CDU Trounced in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. 2016, http://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.dw.com/en/merkels-cdu- trounced-in-mecklenburg-western- pomerania/a-19526082 (diakses pada 06 Oktober 2020)
DW.Com, “Refugee Crisis ‘to Cost Germany 10 Billion Euros’”, DW.Com Top Stories, 06 September 2015, https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.dw.c om/en/refugee-crisis-to-cost- germany-10-billion-euros/a-18696346 (diakses pada tanggal 15 Maret 2020)
Euractiv. Merkel Respons to Orban’s Criticism. 2015, https://www.euractive.com/section/economy-jobs/news/merkel- responds-to-orban-s-criticisms/ (diakses pada 15 Oktober 2020)
Eurostat News, “World Refugee Day : Key Statistics on Asylum in the EU”, Eurostat Database, 20 Juni 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/news/themes-in-the-spotlight/asylum (diakses pada tanggal 15 Maret 2020)
Eurostat Newsrelease, “Asylum in the EU Member States : Record Number of Over 1.2 Million First Time Asylum Seekers Registered in 2015”, 04 Maret 2016, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/pr oducts-press-releases/-/3-04032016-AP (diakses pada tanggal 15 Maret 2020)
Germany’s General Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF), Integration Media Service
Ghifari, Muhammad Al. (2018). Kebijakan Pemerintah Jerman Menangani Peningkatan Angka Kriminalitas Pencari Suaka sebagai Dampak dari Open Door Policy. Journal of International Relations Vol.4 No.3
Hamzah, Fahri. (2011) “Negara, Pasar dan Rakyat : Pencarian Makna, Relevansi dan Tujuan”. Yayasan Faham Indonesia
Kroet, Chyntia. “Refugee Crisis Cost Germany Over 20 Billion Euro in 2016”. Politico, 27 Januari 2017
Langenbacher, E & Shain,Y. (2010). “Power and The Past : Collective Memory and International Relations, Washington DC : George Town University Press
Li, Claire. Germany Reevaluates Open Door Policy, tersedia pada http://www.5clpp.com/2016/09/23/germany-reevaluates-open-door-policy (diakses pada 09 September 2020)
Mushaben, Joyce Marie. (2017). “Wir Schafen Das! Angela Merkel and the European Refugee Crisis”. German Politics Vol.26 No.4.
Pew Research Center , “Europeans Fear Wave of Refugee Will Mean More Terrorism, Fewer Jobs”, Global Attitude Survey (Spring 2016), https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2016/07/11/Europeans -fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more- terrorism-fewer-jobs/ (diakses pada tanggal 16 Maret 2020)
Rabinbach, Anson. (1992). “The Return of the Ugly German?”, Dissent Magazine (Spring 1992), https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/the-return-of-the-ugly-german (diakses pada 14 Oktober 2020)
Rienzi,Greg. Other Nations Culd Learn From Germany’s Efforts to Reconcilr After WW II. John Hopkins Magazine, https://hub.jhu.edu/magazine/2015/summer/germany-japan-reconciliation/ (diakses pada 02 November 2020)
Schuette, Leonard August. Collective Memory in Germany and the Great Foreign Policy Debate : The Case of the European Refugee Crisis. Cambridge Review of International Affairs Vol.3 No.3 – 4.
Sinambela, Stivani Ismawira. (2017) “Migrant Crisis : Open Door Policy Analysis. Jurnal PIR Vol.2 No.1
Taylor, Adam. (1992). “The Forgotten Story of When the Germans were the Refugees”German?”, Dissent Magazine.https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/the-return-of-the-ugly-german (diakses pada 14 Oktober 2020)
Text Document of Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees with an Introductary Note by the Officer of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
The Guardian, “Angela Merkel Rejects Criticism of Open Door Refugee Policy”, The Guardian, 15 Oktober 2015
The Washington Post, “The Forgotten Story of When the Germans were the Refugees”, https://www.thewashingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/03/the-forgotten-story-of-when-the- germans-were-the- refugees/?outputType=amp , 03 September 2015, (diakses pada 10 Oktober 2020)
Trynor, Ian & Harding, Luke. Merkel and Hollande Plan EU-Wide Response to Escalating Migration Crisis. The Guardian, 24 Agustus 2015.
Wardhani, Kusuma Ratna. (2017). “Peran Trauma dan Memori dalam Politik Luar Negeri : Studi Kasus Kebijakan Jerman Menerima Pengungsi Suriah 2011-2015”. Journal of International Relations Vol.3 No.2.
William, Muhammad Akbar. “Menganalsis Peristiwa Holocaust dan Praktik Konsepsi Lebensraum sebagai Sejarah Kelam Genosida dalam Perjalanan Panjang Peradaban Manusia dari Kacamata Realisme”. 2019
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This journal uses Creative Commons license (CC BY). We allow readers to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of its articles and allow readers to use them for any other lawful purpose. The author must be aware that the article copyrights will be fully transferred to Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional only if the article is accepted to be published in the journal through signing of the Copyrights Transfer Agreement. Authors are allowed to resend their manuscript to another journal or intentionally withdraw the manuscript only if both parties (JIHI and Authors) have agreed on the related issue. Once the manuscript has been published, authors are allowed to use their published article under Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional copyrights.
